ANALYSIS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investigation - Research Paper Example 73). This represents a danger to the airplane business in that trains are going at speeds better than planes yet they are less expensive as far as charge paid (Grimm, Lee and Smith, 2006, p. 98). What's more, it has been noticed that trains and cars are increasingly helpful rather than the planes (Grimm, Lee and Smith, 2006, p. 98). This is on the grounds that the cars offer better administrations as far as entryway to entryway conveyances. The airplane business faces this danger since conveyance of the two merchandise and individuals is confined to the air terminals (Grimm, Lee and Smith, 2006, p. 101). Voyagers anyway are picking to utilize increasingly advantageous and less expensive methods. Thusly, airplanes like Bombardier Aerospace face the most critical substitutes as being business carriers (Grimm, Lee and Smith, 2006, p. 55). This lies in the expense brought about since the expense of loading onto a trip on an air taxi is approximated to be equivalent to the expense of a mentor aircraft ticket (Grimm, Lee and Smith, 2006, p. 55). In light of this, it is noticed that 8.12% of the top notch workers have moved to personal jets (Grimm, Lee and Smith, 2006, p. 87). This can be accused incompletely on the post-9/11 unsettling influences of carrier journey, insufficient landing strips and beneficial aircrafts just as contemporary accentuation on schedule and adequacy (Grimm, Lee and Smith, 2006, p. 99). Individuals really values time and the proficiency in which the carriers are working. Qualities of the Southwest Airline Company are slanted on the corporation’s development just as the interior condition (Lauer, 2010, p. 29). The organization has a predominant customer base help culture, operational technique inside the firm just as the ability to give the most minimal expenses regarding admission (Lauer, 2010, p. 29). These are a portion of the issues that have added to its quick turn of events and endurance inside the 2009 downturn in airplane industry (Lauer, 2010, p. 31). The company’s operational procedure gives space for the carrier to quantify the downturn with

Cost-Benefit Analysis and Ethics Analysis Essay

Money saving advantage Analysis and Ethics Analysis - Essay Example Money saving advantage investigation is a methodical procedure utilized in ascertaining and contrasting advantages and expenses of an undertaking. It includes evaluating the fiscal social expenses and advantages of a capital speculation venture, over a predefined period. Individuals banter general wellbeing approaches on the grounds of expenses and fiscal advantages. Money saving advantage investigation helps in evaluating the allure of general wellbeing approach, for example, the countrywide vaccination of kids utilizing new medications or the gracefully of clean water to the network to turn away the far reaching of water borne infection. For example, on account of a business making a speculation, when the anticipated incomes are more than the costs then the legislature are relied upon to receive a money saving advantage investigation of the general wellbeing strategy. Money saving advantage examination guarantees better guideline and evade wastefulness in the open part and conveyan ce of its assets. It assists with seeing if the advantages of a given approach exceed the costs1. Money saving advantage examination requires costly method and information. At the point when done inadequately the examination will make a misguided feeling of clearness and accuracy. It includes sorting out, assessing and introducing data about how the administration can improve the general wellbeing area. Standards of money saving advantage investigation incorporate evaluation of a venture that includes the monetary method for venture examination. It fuses externalities into the condition. These could incorporate more extensive social effects and the private financial expenses, subsequently evaluating the social government assistance impacts of the wellbeing strategy. The financial matters of time is a guideline used to decide the wellbeing effects of the arrangement later on. The money saving advantage examination gives an open door for recommendations of the distinctive general well being strategies to rank as per those that give the most elevated advantages in social government assistance, which is a noteworthy perspective, to the impediments of government spending. Because of the utilization of roundabout strategies in approximating the money related activities of the general wellbeing arrangement, money saving advantage examination is expensive. The utilization of roundabout strategies is on the grounds that numerous open administrations don't have counterparts in the private area. In the general wellbeing strategy, human wellbeing information measurable models and lab tests assume a noteworthy job. Some vital general wellbeing insurance needs must be met adequately through government activity and money saving advantage investigation gives direction to these activities. Money saving advantage examination is utilized as a channel to successful general wellbeing approaches where there is the issue of wasteful market inside the private part contingent upon how their activities influence the soundness of the general population. In utilizing money saving advantage investigation in the general wellbeing arrangement, guidelines upkeep incorporates those that show benefits surpassing the expenses. Along these lines, the guidelines will facilitate the weight on the business and purchasers that are messed up with regards to gains in wellbeing, which prompts more contemplations of systems of accomplishing alluring health2. Be that as it may, money saving advantage examination is regularly seen as a conflicting method and ought not be accentuated on open approach choices. Money saving advantage examination has a few issues that run from profound moral and legitimate logical inconsistencies and divided maltreatment. It could be impeding when money saving advantage doesn't characterize the significant advantages, in financial terms. Money saving advantage examination is expensive and tedious due to the assets required for an extensive money saving a dvantage ana

Determines Accounting Quality Changes †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Determines Accounting Quality Changes. Answer: Presentation The IASB represents International bookkeeping standard board is an autonomous body that sets norms for the International money related announcing measures (IFRS). It was established on first of April 2001 to advance and give applications to the guidelines for detailing. The essential target of the body is to set the guidelines of representing deliberate introduction of the organization books (Li et al.2017). The issue has occurred at present that the Germany is looking because of the assembly of the bookkeeping approaches around the world. In the wake of breaking down the data from the contextual analysis of Germany relevant issues of intermingling of International Financial Reporting Standards bookkeeping (Hellmann, Perera and Patel 2010), I can say that the goals of IASB for this situation, isn't accomplished. The bookkeepers of Germany face issue in the understanding and the utilization of the detailing measures, as in the vast majority of cases they need information (Eierle et al.2018). The principle issue as per me is the norms set by the IASB are intricate and it needs determined information to get them. Additionally the guidelines and guidelines in Germany are dictated by the EU enactment, the measures set by the IASB are not steady administration. At that point comes the issue of cost, numerous people in Germany consider as being too costly to even think about implementing particularly for the little and medium estimated organizations. They likewise think the standard set by the IASB are insignificant as it tends to be deciphered in number of ways (Christensen et al.2015). Help of combination and use of IFRS in the Germany needs interpretation from English to German. There is need the gracefully of satisfactory number of qualified and prepared bookkeeper to actualize the guidelines set by the IASB. As indicated by me, the goal of IASB to give the guidelines of bookkeeping are not satisfied (Wang 2014). The German so as to raise reserves globally should beat the issues referenced. Issues looked by Germany because of the Convergence of the Accounting arrangements. Because of the union of the bookkeeping approaches, the Germany is confronting inconvenience in adjusting IFRS arrangements set by the IASB. As per meet the rundown of the issues looked by them are as per the following: Cost of execution of the IFRS strategies: The expense of adjusting the approaches of IFRS is high for the little and average measured firm. The organizations are battling for this weight of staffing and preparing the representatives to comprehend the strategies. Absence of instruction help and preparing: the vast majority of the cases in the exploration it has been discovered that the German firm needs appropriate information and skilful workers to comprehend and execute the IFRS arrangements the executives. Campaigning of exercises: The people and the gatherings makes hall against the endeavors of IASB to require IFRS for the budget reports. Interpretation of the strategies: The most if the approaches of the IFRS are in English, they are should have been deciphered in German so as to make it justifiable. Translation issues: The guideline idea of IFRS is deciphered diversely in various nations. Because of absence of comprehension, the record may dishonestly confuse the strategy prompting mistake. End The German enactment consolidated the requirement for embracing the IFRs into the German law. This lead to a significant issue for the bookkeeping first to receive the new change in quite a while set up by the IASB. So as to thrive in the global market, the Germany needs to conquer these potential issues. References Christensen, H.B., Lee, E., Walker, M. furthermore, Zeng, C., 2015. Motivating forces or principles: What decides bookkeeping quality changes around IFRS adoption?.European Accounting Review,24(1), pp.31-61. Eierle, B., Shirkhani, D. also, Helduser, C., 2018. The Need to Provide Internationally Comparable Accounting Information and the Application of IFRS: Empirical Evidence from German Private Firms.Accounting in Europe, pp.1-24. Hellmann, A., Perera, H. also, Patel, C. 2010. Logical issues of the assembly of International Financial Reporting Standards: The instance of Germany. Advances in Accounting, joining Advances in International Accounting, 26(1), pp. 108 116. Li, S., Sougiannis, T. what's more, Wang, I., 2017. Compulsory IFRS Adoption and the Usefulness of Accounting Information in Predicting Future Earnings and Cash Flows. Wang, C., 2014. Bookkeeping measures harmonization and fiscal report likeness: Evidence from transnational data transfer.Journal of Accounting Research,52(4), pp.955-992.

Markets

These business sectors incorporates intense rivalry; as competition in the Brewing business is progressively high. SABMILLER watch out for own numerous brands with various market positions. In this market, it is a lot simpler for contenders to dispatch rival items that contend straightforwardly on cost and subsequently disintegrating piece of the pie. Subsequent to dissecting the organization's opposition, SABMiller has and still is encountering this issue; for instance in North America; particularly as of late where lnBev has purchased Anhevser-Busch; this has helped the predominant Brewer to grow a further space between themselves andSABMiller; which has influenced the organization's piece of the pie likely arrangements profoundly, SABMiller now needs to concoct new creative plans to attempt to close the hole among them and A-B lnBev. The American Industry is the biggest preparing market by an incentive as contention is presently more serious than any other time in recent memory, w hich means more contenders, are going into a value war with SABMiller. This has become a tremendous danger for SABMiller, yet it does likewise hold chances to debilitate this risk down. For instance the organization has the chance to secure more stakes in the Brazilian market, or become the proprietor of China assets which is the biggest brewer in China.SAB's obtaining of Miller was to a great extent because of the weight from the London Stock Exchange. It is felt that SAB was in danger because of its over dependence of delicate monetary forms in certain market. Despite the fact that their center abilities were somewhere else, SAB went on with the takeover to satisfy the partners. SABMiller's South African Culture has molded the key improvement of the organization. It is this culture, which makes their particular capacity of entering developing markets less imitable. As featured for the situation study, SABMiller procedure speaks to blend of learning dependent on the chronicled impr ovements of the organization. Markets These business sectors incorporates extremely intense rivalry; as contention in the Brewing business is progressively high. SABMILLER watch out for own various brands with various market positions. In this market, it is a lot simpler for contenders to dispatch rival items that contend straightforwardly on cost and subsequently dissolving piece of the pie. In the wake of examining the organization's opposition, SABMiller has and still is encountering this issue; for instance in North America; particularly as of late where lnBev has purchased Anhevser-Busch; this has helped the predominant Brewer to augment a further space between themselves andSABMiller; which has influenced the organization's piece of the pie likely arrangements profoundly, SABMiller now needs to concoct new creative plans to attempt to close the hole among them and A-B lnBev. The American Industry is the biggest fermenting market by an incentive as contention is presently more exceptional than any other time in rece nt memory, which means more contenders, are going into a value war with SABMiller. This has become an enormous danger for SABMiller, yet it does likewise hold chances to debilitate this risk down. For instance the organization has the chance to gain more stakes in the Brazilian market, or become the proprietor of China assets which is the biggest brewer in China.SAB's procurement of Miller was generally because of the weight from the London Stock Exchange. It is felt that SAB was in danger because of its over dependence of delicate monetary forms in certain market. Despite the fact that their center abilities were somewhere else, SAB went on with the takeover to satisfy the partners. SABMiller's South African Culture has molded the key advancement of the organization. It is this culture, which makes their unmistakable ability of entering developing markets less imitable. As featured for the situation study, SABMiller methodology speaks to blend of learning dependent on the verifiabl e improvements of the organization.

Its Monday

It’s Monday 7:39 PM: Its Sunday night. I have four exams in the next week. Hey, I should blog! 7:40 PM: Erons 12 walks into my room. Erons is not wearing shoes. 7:41 PM: Erons is asking me something about electric potentials inside charged cubes. Erons is the type of person who carries all his homework in a leather briefcase and can run from Random Hall to campus in less than two minutes and once lived in Africa and is actually named Sylvester and pretends to be Stephen Hawking on weekends. Incidentally, the set of such people that I know contains one member: namely, Erons. Erons has to carry a wheelchair up the stairs when he pretends to be Stephen Hawking in Random Hall, which is probably why he doesnt do this more often. 7:42 PM: Erons leaves. I should blog. 7:46 PM: Look ma, Im blogging! Which brings us back to the immutably desolate fact that I have four exams in the next week. Like the Goldberg Variations or the Cold War or the ending of The Matrix trilogy, academic life at MIT lends itself to multiple interpretations, some of which are more disheartening than others. A friend of mine offers this: once the cycle of tests commences during the third-plus-or-minus-epsilonth week of term, you dont escape until after finals. Tests pile up in the narrow, cramped margins of time between problem set deadlines and project due dates, wrinkling your weeks into tight-crunched balls of endless studying. Inevitably, the mercury in the Stress-o-Meter hanging somewhere inside the back of your head begins to creep up, and you consider adopting the simple, rustic life of a potato farmer in Idaho. I digress. Heres my schedule for the week, which is more eyewateringly jam-packed than usual: Click here to see it in its full, boxlike glory. Translations: -All classes are listed by course number, followed by room number. 18.03 = Differential Equations 8.022 = Electricity and Magnetism with Theory and Demonstrations that Often Fail 18.06 = Linear Algebra 21M.302 = What Would Bach Do? (aka, Harmony and Counterpoint II) -Lab = My UROP project, which involves making batteries that dont randomly explode. -Pastry Sale/ Xifan Sunday = imported from the events calendar of MITs Association of Taiwanese Students, of which I am half-heartedly a member. Their sporadic peddling of scallion buns in the Infinite Corridor, however, has brightened my disposition more than once in the middle of a long day of classes. -OH = Office hours, not Ohio. -pset = Problem sets, AKA homework. -Lulus office = Lulus office hours, ungracefully truncated by the finite spacial limits of Google Calendar. Lulu is a TA for 8.022, a class of which I am partaking. -Physics dinner = I recently joined the Undergraduate Women in Physics group at MIT, by which I mean that the Physics major who lives next door put me on their mailing list once she noticed that I was an undergrad, a woman, and sort of a Physics major. By which I mean, free dinner! -Frosh lunch = Im not sure I remember what this is, besides the fact that its presumably a lunch presumably for freshmen. At MIT, presumably. Maybe I presume too much. Maybe Im making a pres out of U and ME. Anyway, now that youve all witnessed my clever manipulations of the English language, lets move on. -GRT interviews = Random Hall is currently reviewing applications for a new Graduate Resident Tutor. The interview is an integral part of ensuring that our next GRT is willing to cook food for us on a regular basis, besides doing other stuff that GRTs are supposed to do. In summary, I have no time to finish this sent-

Digital Crime Theories Affects Millions People Worldwide - 1100 Words

Digital Crime Theories: Affects Millions People Worldwide (Essay Sample) Content: DIGITAL CRIME THEORIESStudents NameProfessors NameInstitution AffiliationDateAbstractDigital crime, otherwise known as cyber-crime is an emerging vice that has been affecting millions of people worldwide. Digital crimes could take the form of hacking into personal email accounts to have access to private and confidential information or even identity theft on social platforms with an aim of committing a crime as someone else. Digital crimes are the ease of carrying out electronic attacks that adds to the temptation for attackersCITATION Kan06 \l 1033 (Panagiotis , Nicholas, Martaos, Kiountouzis, 2006) No one is immune to the dangers of digital crimes. Anyone could get hacked on their personal devices and vital information obtained by the hacker. There are several theories that explain digital crimes. In this paper, I am going to look at two of these theories; Social Control theory and Political Control theory.DIGITAL CRIME THEORIESDigital or cyber-crimes are bound to happen to anyone that surfs the digital world especially on the internet. What therefore drives someone to commit a digital crime? There are several theories that have been laid out to help us understand this phenomenon of digital crime. Two theories however, the social control and political control theories are vital in this course.Social Control TheoryThis theory was developed by Travis Hirschi in the year 1969 and was originally known as the social bond theory. It tends to ask why people follow the law. According to this theory, people are usually engaged in criminal activities whenever their societal bond weakens Social control theory refers to a perspective which predicts that when social constraints on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent, delinquent behavior emerges CITATION Hir69 \l 1033 (Hirschi Gottfredson, 1969) This means that, whenever someone feels a sense of lack of connection with the social world, there is a tendency of them engaging in criminal activity. F or instance, someone who breaks ties with the social world and rather opts to be alone is more likely to be tempted to try out a criminal activity, and in this case, a digital crime such as hacking personal files belonging to other people. This theory is composed of four concepts: attachment, commitment, involvement and belief.Attachment: The strength of the relationship of an individual with others determines their behavior. The stronger the relationship of an individual with other people, the more likely that they will conform to the law and vice versa.Commitment: The more that an individual gains in being committed to their normal lifestyle such as raising their family and getting a normal job, the more he or she will eventually lose if they engage in criminal activities.Involvement: An individual who engages themselves in law-abiding activities more often will seldom engage in criminal activities since criminal activities do not form their normal routine of life but just lawful activities.Belief: This component mainly relates to a persons upbringing. People raised in a law abiding society will always be law-abiding and will not be engaged in crime since they were taught that crime is not good.Political Control TheoryThis theory holds the view that the society is divided into two or more classes with competing views and ideologies. The classes with more power or rather those that are in authority and have political control usually make the laws of the society which form a basis of control for the other class of people. There may tend to be a difference in ideology between those being ruled and their rulers. Since those being ruled lack the power to make rules of the land as per their preference, they usually tend to engage in deviant activities against the law. These activities are therefore viewed as criminal activities by the ruling class. This theory seeks to give a broader meaning to the concepts of law and justice. There is usually a form of conflict b etween those in power and those being ruled. For instance, there may be a digital crime attack committed against the government in order to expose it by anti-government groups and eventually overthrow the government. There may also be crimes committed by the government to control anti-government groups. Both of these are criminal activities and the justification of each of them solely depends on which side you are on.Another theory explaining the causes of digital and non-digital crimesIn addition to these two theories, there is another theory that explains causes of digital and non-digital crimes, which is the Deterrence theory. This the...

My Career Coach Career For A Nonprofit Agency - 1695 Words

When we first started this course, I was not quite sure what leading organization change meant and what we would accomplish during this time together. Over the next two months, this course presented us with different resources about the process of developing a leadership philosophy regarding organizational change, plus integrating our own workplace organizational context with concepts of vocation, organizational culture, differentiation, and progress. My favorite thing about this course was the many ways I was able to apply what we learned to my vocation and our agency’s organizational culture. As this course comes to a close, I am impressed about all topics we were able to cover. I have identified the use of emotional triangles and the†¦show more content†¦Working for a nonprofit agency, I serve a diverse group of clients, but some come from low socioeconomic background, some our ex-offenders who have recently been released from jail, some military veterans, some are new graduates recently out of high school, or community college, or a four-year college. Part of my role is connecting individuals to resources in our community to help them cope with their situation. Helping families find access to food pantries, shelter, gas and bus fare, and childcare makes me realize the pivotal role I play in their lives. I am supposed to help break down obstacles for them as they progress down the career and financial path. Prior to Luther, vocation typically referred to a special calling to religious life, as a priest or as a member of a vowed order. The reference to kingdom is from the Lutheran idea that God governs the world through two different â€Å"kingdoms† or governances. The first is the kingdom of Christ while the second is the kingdom of the civil realm. God governs both, but in different way. Christian vocation is theology for living. It informs how we earn our daily bread and how we live our daily lives. It shapes our sense of identity and our relationships with others. Viewing my career more as a Christian vocation changes my whole outlook of my work. There is a constant reminder that my work is the work that god wants we me to do, and so your approach

The Asean Regional Centre For Biodiversity Conservation

I. Introduction Since its formation in 1967, the member states of The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have struggled with transboundary environmental challenges. Unsustainable logging, haze pollution, and the illegal wildlife trade are but a few of the crises facing the biodiverse region. Although formed to promote cooperation between member states, ASEAN’s ability to effectively coordinate member states to manage these urgent problems has been called into question (Leviter, 2010). Criticisms include that ASEAN’s commitment to consensus building and non-interference in other member states’ domestic affairs – known as the â€Å"ASEAN way† – makes implementation of policy too slow, causing ASEAN to take a reactive, rather than†¦show more content†¦The definition encompasses ideas such as open access, open collaboration, citizen science, research efficiency, and research understandability (OECD, 2015); this paper will largely focus on th e aspect of open science that relates to open data, in which data is available to the public (Pampel Dallmeier-Tiessen, 2014; OECD, 2015). The main rationale for open science is that the sharing of information will increase transparency in data collection and analysis, communication, and collaboration, thereby increasing education and innovation (OECD, 2015). Open science platforms are becoming more commonplace as digital technologies improve, but there is very little information on: 1. potential successes and pitfalls of open science in the context of conservation, and 2. how these platforms could be modified to suit regional realities and needs, resulting in enhanced engagement by local populations and better informed decision-making. Borneo Hub Borneo Hub is an open science platform for transboundary information sharing across the Southeast Asian island of Borneo, which is divided between the nations of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei Darussalam. Developing innovative means of promoting sound conservation practices in this region – described as â€Å"the last remaining place where the Indo-Malaysian forests of Southeast Asia can be conserved on a scale large enough to be permanently viable† - is a major concern (Hardiono, Alfred and WWF-Malaysia, 2005). TheShow MoreRelatedAsean Concord 1 Summary862 Words   |  4 PagesASEAN Leaders also signed the Declaration of the Conduct of Parties in the East Sea (DOC). The declaration called on concerned parties to resolve sovereignty and jurisdiction issues in the South China Sea through peaceful means, and urged them to explore cooperation in such areas as safety of maritime navigation and communication, protection against pollution at the marin e environment, efforts to combat piracy and campaign against illegal drug trafficking. OctoberRead MoreThe Tropical Rainforest of Malaysia- Sarawak5131 Words   |  21 Pages it causes global warming, soil erosion, decline in biodiversity, degraded ecosystem and water- cycle.[1] Economically and ethically, the deforestation caused by logging and commercial agriculture by the developed countries, like the U.S. The people in developing countries lose their long term profits when the rainforests disappear.[2] In our opinion, it is unfair for the developing countries to lose their long-term income and the biodiversity of the forests in order to satisfy the needs and the

Review Of Platos Suddenness The Symposium As A Tragic...

â€Å"Suddenness†: The Symposium as a Tragic Comedy â€Å"All of a sudden he will catch sight of something wonderfully beautiful in its nature; that, Socrates, is the reason for all his earlier labors.† (210E) â€Å"Then, all of a sudden, there was even more noise. A large drunken party had arrived at the courtyard door and they were rattling it loudly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (212C) â€Å"You always do this to me  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ all of a sudden you’ll turn up out of nowhere where I least expect you!† (213C) â€Å"And then, all of a sudden, while Agathon was changing places, a large drunken group, finding the gates open because someone was just leaving, walked into the room and joined the party.† (223B) All of sudden. A noise, a sight, a Form, a drunken group. In the world of Plato’s†¦show more content†¦But then one must consider the very end of the Symposium: the Final Dialogue. The party is effectively over. The main event is finished. The dawn is just about to break, and the roosters are crowing. In effect, Socrates and his two listeners have just pulled an all-nighter, and as many college students can attest, there is nothing quite like the feeling of buzzed haziness that arises as the sun creeps up and the world springs to life. Yet the ineffable Socrates still has something to say: â€Å"that authors should be able to write both comedy and tragedy: the skillful tragic dramatist should also be a comic poet† (223D). Even as he says this, â€Å"Aristophanes fell asleep in the middle of the discussion†¦Agathon also drifted off.† So the Symposium ends, not on a grand oration or a rousing round of applause, but on a quiet comment to a barely awake audience. What then, is the connection between comedy/tragedy and â€Å"suddenness†? To laugh or to cry. To mock or to exalt. Many people like to separate these actions into two distinct genres of comedy and tragedy. Take, for example, the Golden Globes, an award ceremony that has two categories for Best Motion Picture: â€Å"Drama† and â€Å"Musical or Comedy†, which in effect restricts all movies to one singular tone or lens. But as many others have pointed out, there can be tears in laughter and laughter in tears, as is evident in genres such as dark comedy.

Physician Assisted Dying Cases Essay - 644 Words

Tony Nicklson, a father of two, starves himself to death after the Supreme Court rejects his request to â€Å"die with dignity† with the help of medical professionals. A graduate student faces ten years in jail for shooting his dying brother after the court refused his plea to die. A retired magistrate, suffering from multiple sclerosis, refuses to take any medication or palliatives to help the fight to change the law on physician assisted dying. These are some of the recent headlines telling stories of people fighting to legalize physician aid in dying (PAD). Currently, PAD is illegal in most states except for Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont. I believe that PAD is an essential constitutional right, and should be legalized in all†¦show more content†¦Legalizing PAD doesn’t mean legalizing euthanasia. The key difference between these two practices is who administers the lethal dose; Euthanasia requires the physician or other party to administer the leth al dose, which places the responsibility of the physician, whereas PAD requires the patient to take the dose him/herself. In other words, with euthanasia the physician is in control, while with PAD the patient is in control of his own destiny. Advocates for â€Å"the right to die† have been attempting to legalize PAD since 1906. Oregon was the first state in the U.S. to pass the law in 1994. Since then there have been more than 135 legislative proposals in 27 states, most of these bills were either defeated, withdrawn by sponsors, languished with no action taken or are pending like in Pennsylvania, Maine, Massachusetts and New Jersey. To advance the implementation of PAD laws, I suggest establishing several educational programs to raise the public awareness of this matter. Also, to ensure proper compliance with the guidelines, a medical legal committee should be established to investigate the underlying facts of each case reported. Such committee should also keep records and stats for each doctor, hospital and state performing PAD. Opposing parties to PAD usually argue that this practice lowers the value of life and might lead to a higher number of patients giving up on their treatment; however,Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Physician-Assisted Suicide1381 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide can be the withholding of essential care, but it can also be the administration of lethal drugs either by the patient themselves or by a medical professional to end suffering from incurable diseases (Richmond, 2014). Is it fair to make someone live in chronic pain for the rest of their life when there are options? If someone has tried all options to live and have come to terms with no more options, is it okay to help them end their life? The choices do not come easy andRead MoreThe Case Of The Hippocratic Oath1269 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes not give the patient the right to die with dignity. With advances in medicine, physicians are able to extend a person s life. Unfortunately, medicine is not able to accept t he patient to die as they choose. Hospices are able to make a patient comfortable and feel no pain but again the patient is left to die as the body systematically shuts down. Careful consideration should be given when assisted dying should be instituted and counseling of the patient and the family should be an integralRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1629 Words   |  7 Pagesillnesses or major health problems, assisted suicide creates options to reduce the amount of suffering the patient must enduring. Dying with dignity could be beneficial for not only the person who is dying, but also the person’s family and loved ones. This option, however, is often viewed as unethical and immoral throughout society. Physician-assisted suicide offers an option for those with health issues but poses various ethical and social issues. Assisted death is practiced in two differentRead MoreAssisted Death And Voluntary Euthanasia1586 Words   |  7 PagesLAW BE REFORMED TO ALLOW ‘ASSISTED DYING’ FOR THE TERMINALLY ILL? To begin with, assisted dying remains highly topical and debated, both in the public and medical arena. Assisted death, incorporates both physician assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. It gives the freedom to a terminally ill person or a mentally competent adult, to choose on their own free will and after meeting strict legal safeguards, takes prescribed medication which will end their life in dying. There are two types of EuthanasiaRead MoreThe Death Of Physician Assisted Suicide1731 Words   |  7 Pagesthose who think it could be immoral. For physician-assisted suicide to even be considered the patient must be of sound mind when they are requesting the physician-assisted suicide. To guarantee that the process is carried out correctly a doctor or a witness should be there to prove consciousness. The patient must be diagnosed with a terminal illness, if they are not then there is a possibility for a life. There are many pro’s and con’s to physician-assisted suic ide. If a person is terminally ill theyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1720 Words   |  7 PagesIt is obvious discussing physician-assisted suicide is a very controversial issue that is discussed daily by those who wish to die to avoid loss of dignity and also by those who think it is unethical. For physician-assisted suicide to even be considered, the patient must be of sound mind when they are requesting death with dignity. Physician-assisted suicide should be a legal option for people who are unable to end their own lives. However, there should be safeguards to prevent any sort of abuseRead MoreWhy Physician Assisted Suicide Should Be An Available And Accessible Option For Patients1551 Words   |  7 Pages Dying On Your Own Terms Jenell Mote Mohave Community College Nursing I NUR 121 Ms. Goss March 30, 2016 Dying On Your Own Terms Dying on your own terms is a very controversial topic. It seems that both sides of the argument feel very strongly about their position. In this paper, I will argue that physician assisted suicide should be an available and accessible option for patients that are opting to end their lives on their own terms. Choosing to utilize physician assisted suicide can decreaseRead MorePHI 103 Final1311 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Eileen K. Cordova PHI 103 Instuctor James Hardy July 11, 2013 SHOULD PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE BE LEGAL Physician-assisted suicide has been a controversial topic for over a decade now. In today’s society, physician-assisted suicide brings so many ehtical questions as such, who is the true owner of our lives? Should releiving pain and suffering always be the highest priority, or does it occure for a reason?Read MoreThe Debate Of Assisted Suicide1747 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of assisted suicide is very controversial and is heavily debated upon all around the world. While physician assisted suicide is only legal in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and a few states in the U.S., it is illegally practiced widely by physicians and nurses, such as Dr. Jack Kevorkian. I first heard of physician assisted suicide when the death of Dr. Kevorkian, an assisted suicide advocate and a suicide aid, was on the news in 2011. Kevorkian assisted in the suicide of many patientsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide For The Terminally Ill Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages Physician assisted suicide for the terminally ill is one of the most debated policies in America. Physician assisted suicide (PAS) is only considered a when a patient has a terminal illness and expresses their right to end their life with a physician. This scenario typically takes place when a patient is suffering severely from a terminal illness and it is only a matter of time before they will die. Advocates for PAS have typically had a loved one who is or was suffering through their final stages

Different sides of Clive Linley Free Essays

Which in this case makes him cold hearted and selfish human being who clearly does not have his priorities straight. This came as a big surprise to me after I had read how good of a friend he was. The book is mostly about two men who have been brought together again after their close friend dies. We will write a custom essay sample on Different sides of Clive Linley or any similar topic only for you Order Now The way how Clive treats his friend differences a lot from how he reacted in the situation mentioned before. In fact he is there for his friend in every situation no matter how difficult it might be. â€Å"When Vernon was laid up with a rare viral infection of the spine, Clive visited almost every day, bringing books, music, videos and champagne†(Mclean 1998:43). This is one of many examples what Clive had done for his friend, without asking anything in return. It shows that he still cares and knows how to treat people but maybe Just close ones. On the other hand, he was still palpable of arranging his best friend’s death and the other way around. The thing is, this part of the book came as a shock. He arranged the death of his best friend. That alone says something about him. He could be a self-centered and egotistic man. After having disagreed on a subject with Vernon and Vernon not taking his advice maybe he Just could not have let it go. Or he thought he was being a good friend and ending one’s life because that was what he thought the one had wanted. In that case it would make him in some eyes loyal and committed. Clive had asked his friend to end his life if he would start to lose It. Yes, on one condition only: that you’d do the same for me. V. â€Å"(Mclean 1998:57) Maybe In Clime’s eyes he was already losing It and he did what had to be done. In the end I think the book Is purposely ended with a mystery. It leaves a lot of questions about the characters as well. As to Clive Lintel- he Is a genius who does not let anything get In the way of his Inspirations, a person who knows how to treat his loved ones and a man who Is capable of doing terrible things either out of fury or to keep his word. Mclean, Ian. (1998). Amsterdam. Great Britain. Jonathan Cape How to cite Different sides of Clive Linley, Papers

Journal Of Economic Development IT Finance â€Myassigtnmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Economic Development IT Finance? Answer: Introduction: Founded in the year of 1995, the Philippine Daily Inquirer, popularly referred to as the Inquirer, managed to establish itself as one of the most recognized newspapers, operating in the Philippines. The companys dedication to report the most authentic news, to the public, instead of shaping and distorting the political discourse, had helped it becomes the most widely read broadsheet newspaper in the entire country. However, with the growth and expansion of the organization, the employees became more detached, and differences cropped up amongst the former and new employees. Most importantly, as the editor, Letty started embracing the Micromanagement style of leadership, things got even worse. The style is more is about control, and while having control as a manager is essential, using it as a permanent management strategy is bound to fail, as it has happened in the case of Inquirer. As the newspaper publishing company started encountering cut-throat competition from the online news si tes, the survival of the organization became questionable. Hence, the report intends to critically analyse the problem/s infesting the organization and offer suitable recommendations for the same. Problem Identification: Apparently, the problem that the Inquirer is encountering at present time, is that it is encountering huge competition from the online news media, which provides fast and accurate news to anybody and everybody, at free of cost, provided the reader enjoys access to internet. While the profitability of print journalism is at stake, Inquirer does move to online news media as well, though with little prospect in future. The very reason why the organization is able to compete successfully, is that it is infested with various organizational problems, identified below: The first problem identified, is the inability of the leaders of the organization to combat the problem, by actively engaging themselves with the subordinates, and trying to find a comprehensive solution. Secondly, as hinted above, the organizational culture of the company is also a chief problem. As new employees started coming in, differences started cropping up amongst the existent and the new employees. Aversion of Change of the company impedes its ability to adapt to the new world of technology and innovation. The micromanagement style of leadership as adopted by the Editor is highly erroneous. Root Causes of Symptoms: Lack of Employee Engagement: While there exists a sense of complacency amongst some, others are confused about which platform (print or new media) to invest on. The employees are not coming up, collaborating with each other, and trying to solve the problem. The lack of team-spirit amongst its members has dampened the organizational culture, and impeded the growth of plans. Poor Organizational Culture:. The old ones refused to discuss the problem with the juniors, and even though the new employees were adequately competent, they were being kept away from managerial decisions. In absence of a positive, collaborative workplace culture, the senior employees refused to work with greater dedication (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). Aversion of Change: Change is an essentially important aspect that facilitates organizational progress of any company. Any organization that needs to sustain itself for a longer time, must adapt to change and innovate itself. However, change must come with effective communication of the plan to the relevant stakeholders (Hayes 2014). In case of Inquiry, as observed here, the problem is, although the company did move to an online platform, it failed to engage its journalist and editors in understanding what the next big leap they should take is. Ineffective interpersonal communication within the organization is thus the next hurdle here. Wrong Leadership Style: The micromanagement style of leadership as adopted by the Editor is highly erroneous, as it prevents the engagement of the employees in the management decision, and thus they stay de-motivated and less productive (Ertureten et al. 2013). Now, once the problems are identified, each problem has to be analysed in the light of the organizational theory. Organizational Culture Theory of Goodall: The organizational culture of a company determines the commitment of the employees towards the organization and job satisfaction. As per Goodall, the organizational theory relies heavily on a sense of shared meaning amongst the employees of the company, who are like the shared members of the society. While the leaders of the organization should act as mentors, guiding and supervising the work of the subordinates, the subordinates should never be denied rights to engage actively in the managerial decision-making process (Alvesson 2016). However, the problem with Inquirer has been that the company follows a hierarchical organizational culture. The presence of a highly structured and formalized work environment certainly prevents the possibility of efficiency-based coordination amongst the employees (Hogan and Coote 2014). While Letty, the Editor, despite being highly efficient, is indecisive and unpunctual herself, she does not invite and ask for the ideas of the equally competent juni or journalists, who might offer innovative strategies that can help the company thrive. Lewins Change Management Model and Resistance to Organizational Change within Inquirer: Although Inquirer has moved to the online new media channel as well, the company is unable to decide which platform to invest in, and resistance to change is a major problem here. Lewins Change Mangement Model states that three specific steps must be followed while implementing a change- Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze (Shirey 2013). The first stage states that the management authority, before implementing a change, must essentially communicate the purpose, scope, cause and benefits of the change to its stakeholders. Since Inquirer management authority failed to communicate the need for change to its employees, it was unable to break the status quo. It is important to explain to the employees why is it important to change and how it can bring in profit (Longo 2013). In absence of proper communication, the senior journalists also exhibited reluctance to work for longer hours. Lewins model states it is only after an organization unfreezes the problem, it can implement the change (change phase) and get things finally back to normalcy as before (refreeze phase). Micromanagement Leadership Style: A Wrong Approach in Inquirer: Micromanagement leadership style is an organizational style which relies on exercising proper control on the employees. Although exercising control on the employees is highly important, transferring all power from the employees is certainly equivalent to taking away accountability from the employees. In case of Inquiry, this leadership style failed to be a failure, as it failed to involve the attention of some of the most competent employees in its decision-making process, while the leader Letty herself is not very responsible in the first place. Despite all the skill and professional expertise she possesses, it is undeniable that by reviewing and approving each employee activity, she is slowing the output of the department leaving a queue of work undone (Boykins et al. 2013). She has vision, but no execution as far as the shift to new media platform is concerned, and the absence of employee engagement in the implementation of management decisions worsens the situation (Hazen 2015). Centralized Organizational Structure: Owing to the centralized organizational structure of the company, the management authority relies on the senior managers only, to provide direction to the company. Lack of initiative to engage the younger employees not only de-motivates them, but also prevents the organization implement an effective strategy, that in a changing business scenario (Ashkenas et al. 2015). Due to the hierarchical structure, even if the junior employees are competent enough to recommend innovative strategies, they are discouraged to do so. While decentralized organizations can struggle with multiple individuals having diverse opinions on a particular business decision, the centralized structure weakens the decision-making procedure (Guadalupe et al. 2013). Recommendation: First of all, it is recommended that Inquirer gives up its hierarchical organizational culture, and instead embraces the clan culture. Consequently, the senior managers can always supervise the performance and activities of the subordinates and act as mentors, the employees will also be allowed to participate to enjoy freedom to recommend actions and undertake individual initiative. In order to switch to the new culture, which in itself being a change, will be subject to employee resistance, the company will need to communicate the benefits of the new culture. Greater autonomy at workplace, faster decision-making process, and less pressure on the senior leaders can be cited as the common benefits of the new culture, and this should be communicated to the employees via discussions and interactive sessions organized over a period of 3 weeks. In course of the discussion sessions, it is important to mention how the new organizational culture will help the company align its culture with i ts strategic priorities. Next, the leadership style and the organizational structure need to be changed as well. The organization needs to embrace the Transformational Leadership style, as it will allow active participation and increased engagement of the employees in the decision-making process of the organization. The hierarchical structure has to be transformed into a flexible organizational structure. Further, the employees, especially the senior employees should be asked to participate in seminars and a conference, discussing the importance of working collaboratively, as shared work is both convenient as well as effective way of accomplishing goals. During the initial phase, some of the employees may exhibit reluctance to work collaboratively, and at this stage, the company should organize interactive activities, such as team outings, family gatherings that can improve the bond and employee interrelation within the organization. Reference List: Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Alvesson, M. ed., 2016.Organizational culture. Sage. Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T. and Kerr, S., 2015.The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons. Boykins, C., Campbell, S., Moore, M. and Nayyar, S., 2013. An empirical study of leadership styles.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,5(2), p.1. Ertureten, A., Cemalcilar, Z. and Aycan, Z., 2013. The relationship of downward mobbing with leadership style and organizational attitudes.Journal of Business Ethics,116(1), pp.205-216. Guadalupe, M., Li, H. and Wulf, J., 2013. Who lives in the C-suite? Organizational structure and the division of labor in top management.Management Science,60(4), pp.824-844. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hazen, S.M., 2015.A qualitative research study influence through leadership-motivating leadership styles for contract security officers(Doctoral dissertation, Colorado Technical University). Hogan, S.J. and Coote, L.V., 2014. Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), pp.1609-1621. Longo, R., 2013. Is Lewins change management model still valid.A review article on Lewins change management model. Accessed on,24. Shirey, M.R., 2013. Lewins theory of planned change as a strategic resource.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(2), pp.69-72.

Natural Monopolies Price Regulation-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: Explain how and why Governments may want to regulate the Price setting of a Natural Monopoly. Answers: Introduction There are different types of market structures; perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and monopoly markets. It is argued by most economists that competition is present in the perfect competitive markets because the number of sellers are many, small in size and price takers. However, when we consider the case for monopolies, this is a market whose supplier is a sole supplier who is large in size. There is no competition in the monopoly markets and the sole supplier is the price maker. The government is always against the presence of oligopoly and monopoly markets since they are inefficient in price and outputs. The role is promoting competition in an economy by the government is achieved through monopoly pricing regulation. Being driven by the objective of maximizing profits, monopoly markets produced less output than would be for a competitive case and then sell this at a high price. The goods produced by the monopolies allow for the higher price charges since there are no close substitutes; the consumers have no other option than to accept the price offered no matter how high it becomes (Textbook Equity Edition, 2014). The natural monopoly is a special kind of monopoly existing due to the presence of high startup costs and fixed costs. Hillman (2007) noted that all pure public goods fall under a natural monopoly and it shall be seen on the analysis that its more efficient to supply pure public goods through a natural monopoly than by duplication (Economicsonline.co.uk (2017). There are two important theories that explains price regulation for a natural monopolist. These are the Average cost pricing and the marginal cost pricing (Greer, 2012). The first one is the pricing made on the basis of average c ost while the other one is the pricing made on the basis of marginal cost whether regulated or unregulated. It is expected that the natural monopolies should be maintained in the economy for some goods to be provided at a lower price. Analysis A pure public good like water is best supplied by the natural monopoly because the production costs associated to the supply falls as the number of users increase. These natural monopolies have increased economies of scale (Linfo.org, 2006). Duplication would lower the economies of scale and the competitors would fight for prices which would make the prices charged to be higher (Textbook Equity Edition, 2014). Natural monopolies are present in the case of electricity distribution. The production of electricity is not such expensive and can be done by many investors. However, the infrastructure used to get the electricity to the final users is very expensive. There are many examples of natural monopolies like the water distribution and the postal services. According to Hu?tcher (2011), the pressure on pricing on natural monopolies is very high which makes it difficult for competitors to survive in this market. According to Regulationbodyofknowledge.org (2017), natural monopolies have market powers and when a business recognizes that it falls under a natural monopoly, it limits its output level and raises its prices; the prices are set above the marginal cost. This unlike in the competitive markets results in a reduced social welfare (Tutor2u, 2017). Since most of the times the commodities offered by a natural monopolists are basic goods, such as water, electricity and communication, people cannot avoid their consumption even if prices were raised. Social welfare is lost in that the extra income used could be used in the demand for some other goods or services. The role of the government therefore is to make sure that such prices are not charged and that the monopolists charge fair prices. However, scale economies prevents this marginal cost pricing from being the optimal choice (Mankiw, 2011). The price for a natural monopoly is set by the government at the best-price for a single product; it is set equal to the marginal cost (MC) of production. Hu?tcher noted that the setting of the price by the government is with an aim of ensuring that the social welfare is maximized. However, the first-best price which is equal to MC will not apply in all the cases; sometimes the fixed costs may be higher compared to the variable costs. This would mean that Average cost (AC) would exceed the marginal production cost. For this reason, the government is forced to set the second-best price at a level higher than the first-best price, at the point where it is equal to the AC. Many natural monopolies produce many goods and services and these are priced differently. This creates a challenge for the AC to be the optimal basis for pricing; the challenge is on determining the optimal combination that would result in the lowest dead weight loss. There therefore has to be another optimal basis fo r pricing. This bring about the idea of Ramsey pricing. Ramsey noted that the reason by the government regulate natural monopoly prices is to prevent the consumers from suffering from the high monopoly prices. His idea therefore was to maximize social surplus by reducing the prices for the monopolys unique goods. Fig: Dead weight loss for unregulated Monopoly Source: Faculty.winthrop.edu (2017) The graph shows that unregulated monopolistic strategy of producing at MR = MC is resulting in a high level of deadweight loss equal to the shaded region. This is interpreted to a reduced consumer surplus and an increased producer surplus. However, deadweight loss cannot be avoided in the case for natural monopolies since the consumers are charged a price higher than the competitive price would be. The governments interest is to ensure that the smallest dead weight loss is incurred. QUN is the quantity produced from free operation, QOPT is the maximum (optimal) output that could be produced at the competitive level. Fig: Pricing options for a natural monopoly The competitive level of production is 14 units and at a price of $4; this is at the intersection of demand and the MC; this is if the natural monopoly is regulated to produce at this point. At this point, the AC can be observed to be very high and the monopoly could only make losses. The maximization of profit level for a natural monopolist is at 6 units at a price of $10; this is at the intersection of the MR and the MC; then where this solution level cuts the demand curve; this happens if the natural monopolist is left alone without any regulation (Haworth, 2017). At this point, it is also observed that the AC is below the price charged. So this natural monopoly is making abnormal profit. The breakeven point for a natural monopoly is thus at producing 10 units and selling at a price of $8; this happens if regulated to produce at a price equal to the AC. This is the point where the social surplus is maximized and the price charged is lower than what would otherwise be offered by th e unregulated monopoly; the output level is also higher (Welker, 2013). Thus at this level, the resources are allocated efficiently. The reason for regulation is observed from the graph; lets assume that the regulators allowed the division of the market into two such that each firm produces 3 units, at 3 units, the AC of production rises and thus the price for the goods rise to $11. The natural monopoly is producing at a lower AC than it would be the case for many suppliers. The price charged should be regulated to be on maximum equal to the average cost. Any price below the Ac even if the regulators push for it is not achievable unless the regulators could offer subsidies for the losses to be incurred. The subsidies help in ensuring that even after selling at the lower price below the AC, the supplier is able to break even. There is no way a regulator with an aim of improving social surplus can push for the price to be above the AC; therefore all prices above the AC are not possible unless the supplier was let to operate with no regulation. Under regulation by the government, the quantity produced is higher than for the unregulated monopoly and lower than for the competitive market. One of the solution proposed by many economies on resolving the problem of pricing the natural monopolies is to ensure that all the private natural monopolies transfer their ownership to the government. This could improve efficiency as the losses the government makes will be catered for in its budget. This would help in skipping all the pricing challenges for natural monopolies. The other solution is fragmenting the markets and then allowing for marginal costing. This is the realization of the fact that consumers ability to pay are different. Price discrimination would ensure that lower prices are charged in the markets for low income consumer brackets with no profit interest; the compensation for this is achieved by charging higher prices in the markets for high income bracket consumers. Through this, the government goal of improving social surplus is achieved. The government need to ensure that there is sufficient supply of the good produced by the natural monopoly. This is why the government do not allow these firms to charge a price equal to marginal cost since losses would put these firms to a risk of closing down. For a single-product monopolist, average pricing is the best regulation strategy as it ensures a breakeven point for the natural monopolist in addition to improving the consumer surplus. Conclusion The government has to consider all the production costs in setting their prices for a natural monopoly. The first-best price is not always the best price for a natural monopoly as it could lead to the natural monopoly making losses if the variable cost is small and a very high fixed cost. The average cost is the cost that determines the breakeven point of a natural monopoly; at the price where the price is equal to the average cost. There should be no natural monopoly that could be making losses. Social welfare is maximized at the price which is equal to the marginal cost. Since the natural monopoly is not able to break even at this price, the government should subsidize the difference between average cost and marginal cost for the price equal to the marginal cost to make the monopoly breakeven and at the same time maximize social welfare. It is difficult for the government to determine the true AC for a natural monopoly and thus misinformed decisions may be made by the government since these supplier report more than the true value of AC so as to be allowed to sell at a higher price and gain some profit. This can be resolved by introducing a proper strategy of estimating such costs by the government. Otherwise the goal of maximizing social welfare cannot be reached. The natural monopolists are only expected to make normal profits at the price that is equal to AC. It can therefore be concluded that there is no possibility for a natural monopolist to be left to operate freely and thus the regulators are important in restricting their prices References Economicsonline.co.uk. (2017). Natural monopolies exist when one firm dominates an industry. Economicsonline.co.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Natural_monopolies.html. Faculty.winthrop.edu. (2017). Natural Monopoly. Faculty.winthrop.edu. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiEzs-dmvrVAhUsJMAKHUXuB9cQFggvMAEurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.winthrop.edu%2Fpantuoscol%2Fecon.215%2Fnatural%2520monopoly%2520slides.pptusg=AFQjCNHlaQFV0ul04cHGqNV4GzqkSXT2ew. Greer, M. (2012). Electricity marginal cost pricing: Applications in eliciting demand responses. Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Haworth, B. (2017). Natural Monopolies and Pricing Policy. Econpage.com. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://econpage.com/201/handouts/natmonop.html. Hillman, A. L. (2007). Public finance and public policy: Responsibilities and limitations of government. New York, NY [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Hu?tcher, P. (2011). Theory of Natural Monopoly: Ramsay Pricing and Loeb-Magat Proposal. Investopedia.com. (2017). Franchised Monopoly. Investopedia. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/franchised-monopoly.asp. Linfo.org. (2006). Natural Monopoly Definition. Linfo.org. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.linfo.org/natural_monopoly.html. Mankiw, N. G. (2011). Principles of economics. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Regulationbodyofknowledge.org. (2017). Deviations from Marginal Cost Pricing: Ramsey Pricing. Regulationbodyofknowledge.org. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://regulationbodyofknowledge.org/tariff-design/economics-of-tariff-design/ramsey-pricing/. Textbook Equity Edition. (2014). Principles of Economics Volume 1 of 2. [S.l.]: Lulu com. Tutor2u. (2017). Explaining Natural Monopoly. Tutor2u. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/natural-monopoly. Welker, J. (2013). Monopoly prices to regulate or not to regulate, that is the question! Economics in Plain English. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://welkerswikinomics.com/blog/2013/03/04/monopoly-prices-to-regulate-or-not-to-regulate-that-is-the-question/

The Essay Sample - How to Complete an Essay Online

The Essay Sample - How to Complete an Essay OnlineThere are many websites that allow you to create your own essay. This is a good idea if you know what you want to write and are not sure what to write. Creating an essay online will allow you to choose from thousands of different topics for your essay.By using a search engine, you can find several websites that offer research essays to help you learn about a specific topic. These essays are written by experts and have expert information.By completing the essay, you will find it very helpful. If you choose to add more essays to your list, you will be surprised at how much help this can give you. Writing an essay can be one of the most enjoyable things you can do in your life.Make sure you are completely sure what your essay is going to cover. The beginning of the essay should include your topic and your goal. It should start with your topic and then talk about the steps you took to reach the point you are at now.Then you will also disc uss why you want to get an education and what exactly you are going to study. After you finish this part of the essay, you will discuss what you have learned and what you have done.Next, you will have to write a few tips and information that you have learned. The last part of the essay will have some writing tips and how to tips that will help you in becoming an exceptional student.By completing this sample outline, you will be ready to start writing your essay. As you complete the outline, you will become confident enough to begin writing your essay.

Comanche Territory Review Essay Example

Comanche Territory Review Paper Essay on Comanche Territory Comanche Territory in the jargon of the stringers (journalists to survey the events of direct, hot spots) is a no mans land, where there is a war. That area, which is quite specifically narrowed down to city or district where operators and reporters move on broken glass and they know that they are being watched by snipers. Above the heads and shells exploding shards of house-building meat rained from all sides. Comanche Territory the place where we ought rather to blame, and even for standing reportage meddle there not worth it. Comanche Territory this is the most critical, the most significant division between life and death. On Comanche Territory, as elsewhere, the death is palpable and it seems that her bony fingers hold you by the scruff of the neck like a kitten The territory of the Comanches. a book written by waves of memory and a place of glory Perez-Reverte less well-known Russian public as a military journalist. Skimp on the details of the Russian version of Wikipedia says: Arturo Perez-Reverte, since 1971, more than twenty years worked as a military reporter for the newspaper Pueblo and for television covered the armed conflicts that took place in Cyprus, Lebanon, Western Sahara, Libya. Mozambique, Angola, Yugoslavia and other countries territory, as the story of two journalists teaches. : Marquez operator and correspondent Barlesa, removing events of the war in the Balkans in the early 90s. Marquez that Barles gone through many wars, and not every veteran can boast so many hotspots where journalists visited. That Marquez that Barlesa war a kind of drug. Yes, they are distorted by the war but on the other and can not be. Yes, they are poisoned by war and the same can not be otherwise. I think both of them would fit perfectly Kaidanovsky monologue of Stalker, the one in which he says that without the Zone can not. This whole war one big war Barles about it not once repeat that over time, all fused together and everyone killed is similar to each other -. Is the likeness of Zone from the film Tarkovsky We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Marquez obsessed remove exploding bridge, and around bomb the bridge and turned the story. The explosion should occur at any moment, but so far this has not happened, Marquez and Barles remember what they had to go, what to see. The book has chernukha, but it does not look in the pages of shocking. She somehow objective or something. Close to the ideal of the journalist to show the naked truth, without any evaluation. There are pretentious, but not mean wrong, reasoning Marquez on the vile essence of all the wars that the engineer who invented clever bullet evening goes with his family to the movies, not even thinking about how his offspring tearing flesh (by the way, reminds vonnegutovskoe outrage, as the wife of the man who invented the atomic bomb (sugar), can teach children). Well, about politicians, analysts and interpreters sitting many miles from the front it will also be mentioned. Pour a bucket of bile Reverte and those who called at the rear for a day or two, and then writes trehsotstranichnye books about the war, believing that everyone understood. But those who for months climbs out of bullets with a heavy camera on his shoulder thats, well, damn, they did not understand. Interestingly, by t he way, that is not devoid of Reverte and self-irony: They preferred to spend money on election campaigns, recruit pyshnotelye beauties, order futurologists program to fund the transfer of the Who knows where or Code of Honor of the Perez- Reverte . I think he Reverte as a journalist thought that way about someone. By the way, in the book of many well-known journalistic names (well, maybe not all, but trust names loud for writing characters fraternity are present there). There is a book and an excellent fatalistic humor, without which, it seems no conceivable good humanist a book about the war: When Jorge together with the Mujahideen made his way through the outskirts of Kabul, near exploded Russian missile, and four dead Afghans wave thrown directly at him, but at the very Jorge was not a scratch, but it was necessary to bear in mind that Jorge was a correspondent for the Spanish office. Vatican Radio and, so as to notice, Efe agency reports Enrique Ibanez, puffing on his old pipe, which he gave Arafat in Beirut should not attach much importance fluke that took place with Jorge they provided his firm . In general, a great book. Read in flight. Reverte dedicated this book to three journalists, with whom he worked in his time. But in fact it is a dedication to all the stringers of the past, present and future. Beautiful work of showing these people, without unnecessary embellishment (although, frankly, fatal charm in their description is, but maybe its just my personal perception? Im honestly wanted to be a stringer). They are all neurotic, sick in the head, with a bunch of social and personal problems. And they all rush to war again, as if he could not get away with it. But what is important is the product shows military journalists are not geeks and those bastards what they love to vilify public opinion. After all, true or times have you heard someone cursing these freaks, picks up a better man with guts Turned? Indeed, pick a frame better. And why? Yes, because they are doing their job, and do it professionally. And it is right. They do not need to rush to the aid of (but do), because I wish to save one wants to save ev eryone and I understand in this case, his helplessness it is better to get their hands on. In addition, each of them, even if it is for long dollar came to the forefront, it is that good and for a good picture ready paid with his life. Or rather not that ready, but that that is the declared price. Dying is something no one is ready. But it is necessary. I have a book, as can be seen from the ranting, like. In some way, reminded, The Rum Diary Hunter S. Thompson. After all, both of these books about journalistic tribe, as the tribe eternal Jews, wandering, vagabond, without shelter. The final book in the open. The reader can dream up whether heroes sweep zone perebegt:. Again shell forty-nine seconds, not yet settled its last fragments as Barles put a hand on his shoulder Marquez well see he said Where is it there -? I do not know there Marquez laughed his raspy laugh of aged ratchet then they jumped up and ran down the road. But, unfortunately, for the paragraph before Barles says the modified phrase from the movie blade Runner, They waited for the next shot and forty-two seconds s Well, Ive lived a good life thought Barles How is it out there, I saw something that does not see you, burned the ships of the Orion, and hid the sun at bay Tannhà ¤user ..? When we get back, do not forget to change batteries in Sony and wash a pair of dirty shirts that are lying in a hotel. Barles Marquez looked at trying to guess what he is thinking before you get up and running under fire. In the original it reads: Ive seen things in that you people would not believe. Warships, burning up on the shoulder of Orion. I saw B bimz, glittering in the dark near Tannhà ¤user Gate. And all these moments will be lost, will dissolve in time, like tears with rain drops. Time to die and seen the final book -. It is time to die Marquez and Barlesu, they pulled my ticket, now their turn and theres nothing you can do about it (a bout the three reasons for which are killed journalists in war just as it is written in the book and the ticket . - the main and indisputable one) even if you, the reader, decide to have mercy and let Marquez and Barlesu survive, remember: Robert Kapp hit a mine, Musa Jalil executed in a Nazi camp Jose Couso Shot American tank, Paul Moran blown up by a suicide bomber and a lot of T.. ex who does not reloaded a new cassette tape, a memory card. And all of them, and the subject of this book.

Definition and History of Cathode Ray

Definition and History of Cathode Ray A cathode ray is a beam of electrons  in a vacuum tube traveling from the negatively charged electrode (cathode) at one end to the positively charged electrode (anode) at the other, across a voltage difference between the electrodes. They are also called electron beams. How Cathode Rays Works The electrode at the negative end is called a cathode. The electrode at the positive end is called an anode. Since electrons are repelled by the negative charge, the cathode is seen as the source of the cathode ray in the vacuum chamber. Electrons are attracted to the anode and travel in straight lines across the space between the two electrodes. Cathode rays are invisible but their effect is to excite atoms in the glass opposite of the cathode, by the anode. They travel at high speed when voltage is applied to the electrodes and some bypass the anode to strike the glass. This causes atoms in the glass to be raised to a higher energy level, producing a fluorescent glow. This fluorescence can be enhanced by applying fluorescent chemicals to the back wall of the tube. An object placed in the tube will cast a shadow, showing that the electrons stream in a straight line, a ray. Cathode rays can be deflected by an electric field, which is evidence of it being composed of electron particles rather than photons. The rays of electrons can also pass through thin metal foil. However, cathode rays also exhibit wave-like characteristics in crystal lattice experiments. A wire between the anode and the cathode can return the electrons to the cathode, completing an electrical circuit. Cathode ray tubes were the basis for radio and television broadcasting. Television sets and computer monitors before the debut of plasma, LCD, and OLED screens were cathode ray tubes (CRTs). History of Cathode Rays With the 1650 invention of the vacuum pump, scientists were able to study the effects of different material in vacuums, and soon they were studying  electricity  in a vacuum. It was recorded as early as 1705 that in vacuums (or near vacuums) electrical discharges could travel a larger distance. Such phenomena became popular as novelties, and even reputable physicists such as Michael Faraday studied the effects of them. Johann Hittorf discovered cathode rays in 1869 using a Crookes tube and noting  shadows cast on the glowing wall of the tube opposite of the cathode. In 1897 J. J. Thomson discovered that the mass of the particles in cathode rays was 1800 times lighter than hydrogen, the lightest element. This was the first discovery of subatomic particles, which came to be called electrons. He received the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. In the late 1800s, physicist Phillip von Lenard studied the cathode rays intently and his work with them earned him the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physics. The most popular commercial application of cathode ray technology is in the form of traditional television sets and computer monitors, although these are being supplanted by newer displays such as OLED.

Comparison between Bahraini and Swiss Civil Law Essay

Comparison between Bahraini and Swiss Civil Law - Essay Example Bahrain has sufficient exposure to the British legal system, and its legal system is mixed drawing from both codified systems; Islamic law and English common law (Bahrain Civil Code, art. 1). Bahrain became a British protectorate in 1880 after the Ottoman Empire lost control over it in 1861. In August 1971, Bahrain gained full independence from its British protectorate. It formed a legislative committee to establish a legal system that was independently appointed upon independence. Egyptian codes and the law similar to Arab states, therefore followed from that day. It is unlike the Swiss civil law that is not exposed to the British legal system (Swiss Civil Code, art. 1). The Swiss civil codified law ruling in Switzerland and regulating relationships between individuals includes; French; Code Civil, Italian; Codice civil, Germany; Zivigesetbuch, Roman; Cudesch civil and finally Turkish; Media. The Swiss civil code of 10the December of 1907, it became in force in 1912. Another similar ity is that both civil laws coded. It makes it easier to trace any law since it is in one booklet for the purposes and reference of the civilians. Another difference comes in the form. In Bahraini civil law, certain procedures or acts may be required to be effected in a certain specific form, if this not followed, the procedure or act may be considered as invalid. Article 72 of the Bahraini Evidence Law states that every verdict that orders the evidence given by the witness shall indicate all facts that are ordered to prove.

Moral Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Moral Dilemma - Essay Example (Moral Dilemmas: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Therefore, it makes good sense to state that for a given agent, under a set of given circumstances, there are reasons to do either A or B, and this even when it is a fact that one set of reasons may be stronger than the other. (Foot, 2003) Does this mean, for a fact, that all moral dilemmas end up with a residue of guilt (Moral Dilemmas and Moral Ambiguity) This is a situation which in essence constitutes a real life moral dilemma: a woman, who is six months pregnant, discovers that she has bowel cancer. She must undergo treatment for the same, which is chemotherapy, but at the same time, she has been informed that the treatment would most probably end up deforming her unborn baby. Should the woman decide to go ahead with the chemotherapy, thus taking a chance with her unborn baby, or must she opt to wait for the baby to be born in order to start treatment, which may in fact endanger her own life What are the ethical issues involved in such a case, and what is the moral dilemma that the woman is facing at the present time The main issue or moral dilemma would be whether the woman must opt to have the chemotherapy or not. What then would be the alternatives for the unfortunate woman What are the different ethical issues that would be involved in the alternative courses of action for the woman Is it possible for the woman to be able to reason out, eventually, which horn of the moral dilemma would in fact be the best choice possible (Moral Dilemmas and Moral Ambiguity) What are the ethical issues involved in this case What, as a matter of fact, is referred to as 'ethics', and what is 'morality' How can an individual behave in a moral and in an ethical manner Today, especially, these issues and other similar ones seem to be overtaking the people, and most especially, younger people, who are faced with rapid changes and developments in all aspects of life. For example, one issue that has been in the forefront for some time is that of 'bioethics'. This is an extremely difficult field, because it is almost all the time concerned with some of the subjects that trouble man the most, life, death, the nature of both, what sort of life is actually worth living, what exactly constitutes murder, how exactly one must treat individuals who are in constant and relentless pain, what sort of responsibilities does one human being have towards another, and so on and so forth. (Issues in Bioethics, ethical dilemmas in biology and medicine) The other topic that seems to be the cause of several rancorous debates between groups of people is that of abortion of the fetus, pregnancy choices of a woman and other related issues. Medical treatments is also one issue that troubles many people, and the related topics here would be what is death, and what exactly constitutes the state of death Is there a bright line of sorts that would identify and state that this is what death is (Issues in Bioethics, ethical dilemmas in biology and medicine) As a matter of fact, doctors are faced all the time with moral dilemmas, and as far as Western medicine is concerned, the doctor-patient relationship gives rise to the 'principle of not doing any harm' or what is known as 'non-malfeasance'.

The Merger Emotions Syndrome

The Merger Emotions Syndrome The merger syndrome is a phenomenon that illustrates employees reactions following the announcement of the MA deal. Merger syndrome is a word often useful to how employees respond to a merger (MARKS and Mirvis 1992, P70) that reflects the humor of the workforce. Merger syndrome is an ordinary response, and expected human reaction to a major corporate change. Most studies examining the human side of corporate mergers and acquisitions prove that disturbance and negative consequences are experienced by employees. Employees of the acquired company are more affected by the big changes that trigger negative effects and consequences, it not surprising that organization members going through a merger or an acquisition are shaken and respond with shock and strong emotional reactions (Appelbaum et al ..2000b; Dickmann, 2000; Marks and Mirvis, 1986). The literature describes a different spectrum of emotions in MA, employees go through a variety of emotional phases. The merger syndrome is characterized by a change of identity, higher centralization of decision making, less communication with the employee, high levels of stress, crisis management mode, a loss of identity, motivation and commitment, decreased productivity, feelings of insecurity and anxiety, mistrust. This especially occues if the individual is not able to view the upcoming changes as positive (Appelbaum et al, 200b;  Bruckman and peters,1987;Dickmann,2000;Marks,1999;Marks and Mirvis,1986;schlieper-Damrich,2000). These emotions bubbling over into family life can lead to frustration ,depression (Appelbaum et al ..2000b; Dickmann, 2000). The consequences of this emotional turmoil are decreased motivation, lower job satisfaction and reduced commitment toward the company. Cooperation become difficult and good team work almost impossibleand The best elements began to defect to other recruiting organizations . (Cartwright and Cooper,2000) Point out that With the acquisition by another company often a loss of idenity occurs because employee loses their work environment of rules, tasks and structures. in the same way, (Appelbaumet al..)state that Employees identification with their company and their commitment are therefore likely to change after such a major intervention in organizational life (Appelbaumet al..) This phenomenon of merger syndrome is most likely due to the fact that in the pre merger stage managers are expected to maintain silence on the upcoming decision, and therefore they are rather cautious not to reveal too much information prior to complete implementation (Marks, 1999). Managers tend to isolate themselves from employee in such situations because they do not know what to tell their staff or how to tell them (Gutknecht and keys ,1993;Marks,1999).and do not know how to handle employees emotions .for that reason, when managers correspond less with their employees during MAs ,though leads to doubts and mistrust. We can sum up that during the merger syndrome, employee are preoccupied with the impact of the amalgamation on themselves and their work .they expressed their resistance to the like hood of change if this phenomenon is left unmanaged it may result a cultural clash inside the new firm. The Merger-Emotions Syndrome: Mergers and acquisitions can be fear-provoking for employees and generate anxiety and stress. Hunsaker and Coombs (1988, 58) noticed particular expressed of emotional reactions experienced by employees during a merger or acquisition they have named this phenomenon the merger emotions syndrome. The Merger Emotions Syndrome: Hunsaker and Coombs (1988) have presented a nine-stage chronological model of employees emotional reactions in the course of a merger or acquisition, which illustrate the merger syndrome: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Denial. At first employees react to the announced merger with denial an that nothing will happen or that it will not change their work environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fear. When the merger becomes a reality employees begin to fear the unknown and Workers become preoccupied with job loss which lead to a decline in productivity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Anger. Once employees feel that they have no control over the situation and that they cannot prevent Merger, they start to express anger towards those who are responsible. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sadness. Employees start to mourn the loss of corporate identity; they focus on the differences in the way the two companies operate and adopt a we versus them syndrome. They may feel nostalgia about the good old days of loyalty they provided to the company with many years of quality service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Acceptance. After an adequate grief period has elapsed, employees begin to recognize that resisting the situation would be worthless, and they start to accept reality and become optimistic. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Relief. Employees begin to realize that the situation is not unfavorable as they predicted and feel more settled in the new organization and become more comfortable to interact with employees from the other company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interest. As people become more secure in their new positions, they begin to look for the benefits of the new organization. They observe the situation as a challenge and seek to show their abilities and value in the organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Liking. Employees observe new opportunities and begin to like their job. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enjoyment. Employees express commitment to the organization and feel more relaxed and secure. Resistance is a perfectly legitimate response of a worker. Leigh (1988) Emotional reactions of employees: Resistance: the expected response to change People tend to resist change especially in the workplace .they may not understand what the changes entail,they may disagree with the reasons for making the changes,they may not appreciate the benefits,they may be afraid of losing something they value,they may be concerned that they wont have the skills and ability to handle the changesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.many people also tend to resist authority,for various reasons .resistance can do serious damage to morale ,dividing employees and causing frustration ,resnetment ,and distrust .Anne bruce(2002). Individuals differ generally in their openness and eagerness for change, some people thrive in the new environment while other are not, They prefer more stability and continuity. Regardless of people mind-set towards change, people normally do find that change produces anxiety. Employees involved in mergers are facing multitude of potential changes, these changes modify the person-environment relationship and cause several outcome that employees and managers must adapt. There are a numerous reasons why the reactions from employees are often seen as negative when facing a merger or an acquisition. The general reason behind the employees resistance is the insufficient information about the changes. The Employees expressed their feeling of fear and anxiety due to the uncertainties of change. Kyle (1993) claim that resistance is dependent upon two related factors ,the first one ,the degree of control an individual has over change and their ability to start, modify and stop the change, secondly ,the degree of impact of the change on individuals . The resistance is greater within the acquired organization since this often is the culture that has to throw away its traditions and routines. The resistance can be expressed in two kinds of reactions: In a Explicit way (disagreement,strike,)and Implicit way(loss of loyalty, lowering of morale ,absence, avoidance ,low tolerance) Mergers and acquisitions are nerve-racking events for employees of the merging firms. A merger or acquisition can sufficiently transform the structures, cultures, and employment prospects of one or both of the firms such that they cause organizational members to feel stressed, angry, disoriented, frustrated, confused, and even frightened (Buono, Nurick 1992: 19). Schweiger, Lee (1993) found in a study that employees in the acquired firm experience greater job insecurity than employees in the acquiring firm. Similarly, Lohrum (1997:a) states that the employees from the acquired firm often experience a higher uncertainty and resistance. Lohrum (1997:a) claim that resistance exists among all employees and appear due to lack of control, anger or frustration when decisions are being made without their involvement. Buono, Bowditch (1989: 108) depicted resistance As a result of the uncertainty, ambiguity, tension, and anxiety that organizational combinations can cause, they are frequently associated with decreased organizational satisfaction and commitment, increased turnover and absenteeism, power struggles among those managers who stay, and poorer job-related attitudes and performance for a significant proportion of the new firms work force. Larsson (1990) explains that the resistance to change can be seen in a collective aspect, as well as in an individual aspect, especially among the acquired employees. Cultural clashes are seen as a collective resistance and career uncertainties are connected to the individual resistance. Change itself is not the cause of resistance. Resistance is caused by how people perceive change. Managing Resistance to Change all change is a loss experience (Levinson, 1976). One of the most complex problems that face an organization today is resistance to change. Conducting change through an organization is one of the most critical and challenging responsibilities. Once the marriage is celebrated, issues come into sight especially the one concerning the employees who are experiencing the major change that the new entity is passing through. The employee and staff are experiencing a new life style they are losing the old way of doing thing and have to adapt to a new system, new culture, and new managers. The managers and leader of the company must be prepared to cope with employee feeling and behavior. Simply telling employees about the changes will never fully prepare them for the actual change. Managers need to identify why people resist change and how to counter their resistance. Bridges( 1991) and Levinson(1976) claim that Change is best handled when the parties involved know why the change is being implemented. The most fashionable solution to deal with resistance to change is to get people concerned to contribute in making change and encouraging them to think in diverse ways In order to effectively carry out the change plan, it is extremely important for the organizations management to recognize and handle resistance effectively. Beckhard and Pritchard (1992) explain how the management of a changing process with regard to the implementation of changes is vital for achieving new goals and strategies. The analyzing and planning of several areas is necessary to get the commitment to successfully perform an organizational change. Larsson (1990) considers three areas of action to be able to reduce the collective and Individual resistance to change: -Socialization is a mechanism that works for both improving the coordination of interaction and reducing collective employee resistance, this by enhancing the acculturation and creating common orientations. -Mutual considerations reduce the eventual conflicts that may arise by focusing on commonalties with an interest in the acquired firm, maintaining the employees integrity. This will avoid the dominance of one side and facilitate the exploration of both firms competence. -Human resource systems avoid individual resistance through job design, reward systems, personnel policies and career planning. To facilitate the integration and uncertainties among employees, Levinson (1970) emphasizes that the acquiring firm should tell the truth about all eventual changes that will occur due to the MA. Further, Beckhard Pritchard (1992) state that what is important is to manage resistance to change by changing negative energy into positive energy. The introduction of a change program to employees could facilitate the integration process. The program can help the employees to understand the need of the organization and how change affects the organization and the employees. Pritchett (1994) suggests avoiding encountered resistance by providing employees with a clear direction, complete with short and long term goals. The accomplishment of these goals helps employees to visualize that they are getting somewhere and will relieve them to get excited about the change. During change it is essential to identify, as precisely as possible, what is ending and who is losing what (Bridges, 1991). Employee reaction to change: Mirvis, Cartwright and cooper (1996) discuss four stages that employee go through in connection with mergers and acquisition: Stage 1: Disbelief and denial: typically, the individuals first reaction is extreme shock, which may result in denial from employee that the merger will take place despite circulating rumors. Even when the deal is concluded, individuals might still try to convince themselves that nothing will change. Stage2:anger through rage and resentment: when the real situation become more clear after realizing that the change will take place, individuals feeling might be replaced by anger or resentment towards old management and new merger entity. Stage 3: emotional bargaining: in this stage, uncertainty and fear increase about individual job future. Individuals become angry for not anticipating the event and feel nostalgic and resent commitment and loyalty invested in the past) which may lead to depression. Stage 4: acceptance: lastly, the workforce become aware that the past is gone, and that they must admit the new situation. In this stage, the employee still feel letting down by the old organization and can no longer be satisfied with the new system. Factors causing resistance to change : According to maubin et al.(2001) managers need to identify resistance in its various forms and learn to identify the underlying reasons for resistance surrounding the change. There are several factors causing resistance to change,and some of the most common reasons are stated below: Fear of unknown: mabin et al.(2001)explain that Such fear is due to uncertainty about the nature of change,feeling that one does not kown what is going on and what the futur holds Bovey and hede(2001)claim that resistance is an expected part of a change process,since change involves a move from the known to the unknown . Loss of control: mabin et al.(2001)explain the loss of control as perceiving that the change is being done to the person ,resulting in concerns that the person have no influence on the events taking place. moran and brightman(2001) clarifly that if change threatens a persons sense of being in control ,it will be perceived as a threat to survival. Loss of face: mabin et al.(2001):Feeling of embarassment as a result of change and discerning it in such a way that the things that one has done in the past were wrong Loss of competency: Mabin et al.(2001)claim that people fear that the existing skills and competencies will no longer of any use after the change has occurred. The possibility of losing their current jobs and the financial crisis that comes with that is of great concern. Cartwright and cooper(1996) further state that MA involve some employee turnover and competeny loss,partially due to the duplicity of staff members.the uncertainty of change will also encourage employees to seek employment elsewhere ,in order to regain the power of control,or because they doubt their ability to fit into the new organization. Need for security: Mabin et al.(2001)state that employees worry about their potential role and position be after the change has taken place. Appelbaumet al.(2000a) explain that people need to be treated with respect,to be identified with the new organization,to be accepte as members of the new team and to keep their status and prestige in the new organization. Poor timing: Mabin et al.(2001)state that the timing of the change might be poor,in the sense that people might feel surprised at a stage of changewhere employee feel already overworked. Hoag,ritschard,and cooper(2002)further state that some people might wish to secure the present situation before embarking on any new changes activity. Force of habit: According to Mabin et al.(2001)employee might feel comfort in the existing routines and habits and not liking to change the actual ways of doing things. Appelbaum et al.(2000a)clarify that they may have had many successes with the existing company ,and now they have to accept different ways of doing things and most of the time without being consulted. Marks(1997)continues by stating that employees will be exposed to multiple transitions. Reengineering, downsizing, leadership changes, shifts in strategy and other transitions typically overlap one another. Cartwright and cooper (1996) further discuss that employee will be concerned with issues such as a potential relocation or change of workload. Lack of support: Mabin et al.(2001)state that the lack of important support from direct supervisors and the organization ,or not having the correct resources to implement the change. Leaders need to learn how to support rather than to control and provide employees with the tools needed in order to work together and perform the changes . Nguyen and Kleimer (2003) claim that delays in communication can severely deteriorate the situation, and make employees feel apprehensive and even hostile toward the merger. Lack of confidence: Mabin et al.(2001) state that resistance might be a consequence of employees lack of confidence that the change outcome can be better than the situation before .Moran and Brightman (2001) claim that in any change situation ,people may fear that the loss will be greater than the gain ,which can take away any positive outcome that the Change might yield. Nguyen and Kleimer(2003) further argue that employee loyalty and perceptions of the organizations trustworthiness decreases in connection with the organizational changes. Marks(1997) claims that there is a natural tendency for people to exaggerate the differences as opposed to the similarities between the two companies. People tend to ascribe the differences to competing values and philosophies, and view their own company as superior and the other as backward, bureaucratic . Lingering resentment: Bovey and Hede(2001)point out that individuals differ in their ability and willingness towards change based on how the they perceive it. Mabin et al.(2001)argue that some employees become angry due to a lack of respect for the people involved or over the way one been treated during past change efforts. The lack of communication: A Communication entails the use of verbal and nonverbal signs and symbols to create understanding (Vecchio and Appelbaum, 1995). Acquisitions are synonymous with change, a destabilizing event affecting many people and often have a negative outcome on employee behavior resulting in absenteeism, low morale and job satisfaction. The announcement of an MA transaction generates uncertainty and ambiguity with frequent rumors that change the scene and a large proportion of merger failure is credited to employee problems. The communication during MA-transactions aims to decrease information deficits of employees, being informed should lower feelings of uncertainty of employees (Schweiger, DeNisi 1991). Through mergers and acquisitions, employees are seldom kept in distance from the MA transaction. Once a merger is announced ,the stress levels of employees begin to climb(schweiger and DeNisi,1991)and the lack of communication from top management lead to rumors and fake stories. Feldman (1991:p. 146,) stress that ambiguity begins in an organization when there is no clear interpretation of a phenomenon or set of events. And the main cause of ambiguity in organization is the insufficient information while uncertainty is the result of lacking information about circumstances. Once the information has not been transmitted to employee, they began to search for their own answers and this may show the way to rumors which can increase anxiety and result in a reduction in productivity and sabotage. This can affect the working environment in the firms and the employees will likely experience shock, disbelief and grief . . . followed by resentment, anger or depression (Sinetar1981). Delays in communication can result in employees feeling apprehensive and even hostile toward the merger or acquisition, making any subsequent communication process strained and difficult (Kelly, 1989). When organizational transitions are not well managed, the lack of top-down communication starts the rumor employees are left feeling anxious, threatened, and preoccupied with their own safety, their incomes, and their careers. Distrust is inevitable and becomes widespread. The employees have a need of knowing what the new structure of the firm will look like and get answers to their uncertainties as early as possible to prevent frustration and anxiety. Bastien (1987) established that during periods with communication shortage the individuals uncertainty peaked among the workforce. He further found that the members of the new organization changed their attitudes during those periods; their motivation decreased, and they expressed an increased intention to resign from the organization. Another common issue in MA process is the accessibility to information, at the stage of a merger assessment the management team hardly has all details in place that employees request. Since the actual details of the merger or acquisition have to be worked out over a period of several months or even years after the combination, management rarely has accurate answers to employee questions (Buono, Bowditch 1989: 16). Buono, Bowditch (1989) recommend that the top management of a merged firm should communicate as soon as possible with employees. Accurate and honest responses to questions about these issues provide organizational members with a realistic assessment of what the merger or acquisition will mean for them personally and for the new organization (Buono, Bowditch 1989: 204). Buono, Bowditch (1989) indicate that Ambiguity in organizations is generally conceptualized in terms of the adequacy of information available to organizational members (Buono, Bowditch 1989: 102). The employees have to be informed frequently. Even if there is not anything to know, they have to be informed that nothing new has happened. (Stoppel, 2006) Finally, The Management ought to share as much information as it can with employees before, during, and after the acquisition. Communication with employees can do more than just providing information It can help to diminish and drive out the speculative rumors which cause negative emotions and behavior. The importance of communication: Mergers and acquisition are an important part of the management setting and Communication plays a crucial role in the success of MA and is a decisive tool to use in order to change attitudes and behavior. Being truthful, open and forthright in this communication process is particularly important (Daniel, 1999; DeVoge and Spreier, 1999; DeVoge and Shiraki, 2000). Trzicky (2000: 55) point out that communication is the most important measure to reduce uncertainty and hostility of employees in mergers and acquisitions. Similarly, Schweiger and DeNisi (1991) established that communication is the only way to reduce anxiety among employees, and that the communication should start as early as possible in the process. In the field of research, they come across that employees who receive more communication at the stage of MA, they demonstrated more positive behaviors and selected positive coping strategies after MA-transactions. Salecker, Mà ¼ller-Stewens (1991) and Ivancevich, Schweiger, Power (1987b) state that one of the effects of communication in the acquisition process is the avoidance of negative reactions of employees which can limit the dysfunctional outcomes of MA-transactions. Ford and Ford (1995) relate the success of a change in an organization to the way that managers have handled the communication. Consistency in communication when the organization is going through changes will reduce the employees resistance. The management team should use communication efficiently so that rumors do not become the main source of information . as Ashkenas ,de monaco,and francis(1998)recommend:communicate,communicate,and then communicate some moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.keeping the communication process going -an making it reach broadly and deeply throughout the organization-requires more than just sharing information bulletins However, true communication is complex to realize since the communication process faces numerous obstacles. All forms of communication do not have the same effect. Communication and information flow can take a variety of forms: memos, e-mail, magazines,newsletters, videos, internet and face-to-face contact. In order to manage an opposition, a communication plan should be done in order to pass down information to all levels in the organization; further to have a feedback system that investigates employee attitudes is important. The integration process should be planned as thoroughly as possible to make sure that the questions from employees can be answered. During a merger or acquisition, employees will have an incredible longing for more information. Uncertainty will darken the workplace, and employee questions will seem never ending. The employees have a need of knowing what the new structure of the firm will look like and get answers to their uncertainties as early as possible to prevent frustration and anxiety. To put together a transition team with the job to communicate to the organization, treat people fairly and with respect, the communication must be visible to the employees and clarify the employees role in the firm and communicate the message clearly to the employees (Daniel Metcalf,2001).