The New Digital Era called “MP3 Technology”

Downloading of music has been a long time subject of piracy. In the 1920’s, radio stations played records that are not tracked. It is a not-so obvious manner of piracy but did impact writers who were losing money due to public performance of their works without proper accountability. No one was making money through this procedure but only radio stations via their sponsors. (Wicknick, par. 1) With this, the performance rights societies including ASCAP and BMI worked with the Congress and the FCC to change legislation to ensure that radio stations will track airplay and pay blanket licenses that were given to writers based on airplay. (Wicknick, par. 1) It is impossible to copy a record before the invention of blank tape. Its either you bought it or borrow a copy and played it until the needle lost its tip. (Wicknick, par. 3) In the mid 1960’s, even after the invention of blank tapes, copying a record is sill a clunky process. (Wicknick, par. 3) In the advent of cassette tape, people learned to do dubbing. But marketing of these tapes are low because it is still evident that it is dub due to sonic integrity has been compromised. ASCAP and BMI, together with the FCC, they began to collect blanket license fees on the sale of blank media and give them to writers and publisher members. (Wicknick, par. 4) In 1982, in the faà §ade of CD in Europe, Japan and in the United States by 1983, it was read-only. Burning to a CD is impossible before. But advancement in technology made it possible. In the year of 2003, you can burn CD from mp3 and sources like iTunes. However, MP3 and iTunes do charge for licensing, worked out deals and propose duplication allowances. (Wicknick, par. 5) The onslaught of the digital wave in 1999 started with the newly created MP3 file sharing software called Napster, stated Catherine Edwards, in her article â€Å"The Napster Challenger.†Ã‚   Lee Bockhorn, in his article â€Å"MP3 and Me: How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love Online Music File Sharing (sort of)† stated that on one side of the wave is the estimated 60 million MP3 Internet users that enjoy the advantages of ala carte collection choice, downloading these selections for free and testing music before purchasing. On the other side are the artists and recording companies making strong claims for illegal sharing of copyrighted material states John Healey and Jeff Leeds in their article â€Å"Tone Deaf to the Moral Dilemma?†Ã‚   The new MP3 file sharing technology has brought to us into a new digital age madness designed for music lovers.   Claiming violation of copyright laws, the greedy recording companies and music artists do not wish to give up the present business structure and refuse to embrace the exploding expansion of digital technology that will allow ‘ala carte purchases’. The start of this digital age software began with a 19-year-old freshman at Northeastern University in Boston in 1999.   His name is Shawn Fanning.   He revolutionized the music industry, developing a software program called Napster.   Napster allows music fans to share and download music files via the Internet for free.   Shawn received $15 million to start the corporation and is now a famous CEO (Edwards 160). Then, one and a half years later, in 2001, 2 famous bands, Metallica and Dr. Dre, sued Napster. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sued as well, claiming Napster violated record label copyrights.   This case is still on appeal.   Since this time, Napster has joined with BMG Entertainment (a $50 million dollar deal) offering a new fee-based system (Edwards) The RIAA has been taking drastic measures to limit piracy. Consumers of music sees file-sharing or downloading as the wave of the future and legal in their own right. The lawsuits include a twelve year old for downloading contents online and an 80 year-old grandfather who were sued for his computer activity wherein he claimed that he don’t even know how to turn a computer on. Many of the grandparents bought computer for their grandchild as a treat whenever they come to visit their place. But a twelve year old may be well aware on the usage of the computer technology as well as a graduate student but doesn’t know or understand the violations of what they have done. (Wicknick, par. 2) The next approach for RIAA is to target college students and parents with further lawsuits alleging copyright violations.   â€Å"One goal is to persuade parents to crack down on their children’s file sharing before an entire generation comes to expect music to be free† (Healey and Leeds 175).   This may prove to be a futile effort with the millions of Internet users copying music for free on the new sites that have popped up, such as Kazaa or Limewire.   Also, many parents condone students’ downloading even though it’s unethical.   RIAA lawsuits will attempt to target the Internet account that is used to share the file (Healey and Leeds 177).   These lawsuits may change the attitudes of 12-22 year-olds, that when surveyed said that 70% of them would stop if at risk of a fine or jail (Healey and Leeds 178). According to the Pew Internet Project’s national survey of adult Internet users conducted last January-February 2005 resulted that about 7 million adults downloaded files from someone’s iPod or MP3 player. (Madden and Lee par. 2) Approximately, 10 million people get their music and video files through email and instant messages. But there are people who use both the same sources. Other alternative sources of downloading include music and movie websites, blogs and online reviews. There is also a legislation being pushed in Congress by the record companies.   If approved, it would use software to flood peer-to-peer sharing with dummy files, search public folders for illegally copies music and block users from downloading.   Even though it’s difficult to empathize with rich artists and greedy record companies, it is still, according to law, an illegal practice to share and download copyrighted music online.   Millions of people through MP3 technology are sharing files, making the concept of ‘fair use’ ridiculous (Bockhorn 163). Further in his article, Bockhorn writes of his personal exposure to the Napster era.   At the start of the Napster take-off he felt that it just wasn’t right to not pay an artist for his/her music.   He explains that his first temptation came after attending a Norah Jones concert.   He later downloaded her performance of the ‘Tennessee Waltz’ thru I-Tunes. His justification was that he had paid to see the concert and had bought previous albums (Bockhorn 162).   In a forum done by eight graders, some students thought that the music industries have huge incomes and it would not hurt if they will get a song or two from an album through the internet. A student said that the artist will still have an income because they are still buying T-shirts and watch their concerts. (Hafner, par. 13) Curiosities about MP3 file sharing, lead to Bockhorn’s downloading of Limewire, a successor to Napster.   He agrees that it is unquestionably, great technology, without paying a fee.   Drawbacks to MP3 are availability of music, modem connection speed, and the guilt of acquiring music without paying.   â€Å"If I want to download My Cherie Amour, Stevie Wonder should get a cut of whatever price a true market . . . determines the song is worth . . .† (Bockhorn 162). Currently, Bockhorn’s primary concern is that MP3 technology has definitely warped the minds of users copying illegal files to build their music collection.   But, why does the music lover continue to partake?   Number one because of choice and number two because it’s free (Bockhorn 163).   Most people will agree that it’s illegal but will continue to do it.   â€Å"Like countless millions, Miriam Philips felt no guilt in downloading music from a shared campus folder† (Healey and Leeds 175).   Philips offers no sympathy for the artist and the record company, â€Å"They’re rich, they can deal with it†, (Philips via Healey and Leeds 175). According to a 13-year old girl, if you wanted a song or two in a certain album, it is not a big deal.(Hafner, par. 3) However, when someone consistently downloaded an artist whole CD, it might be the right time to call them thieves. Almost all of the houses here in the US have Internet-connected computers in their homes. A student even asked that if downloading of music is really illegal, why do PCs were sold with CD burners? (Hafner, par. 18) Downloading of music through CD burning is very convenient especially to students who were mostly doing it.   Just a few clicks away, they will be able to have the songs they wanted. (Hafner, par. 9) Though some of these people knew that they are violating the law, but they can’t afford to give up convenience and less expensive or the free copies of the recordings of their own choice. On the other hand, there are some advantages to the downloading frenzy.   This technology has prompted some users to purchase CD's based on a new interest in a particular type of music.   It is able to give a taste of a certain type of music or unknown band before purchasing an entire CD.   Users will find that if they’re downloading more than 2-3 songs they will probably go out and buy the entire album. Internet users will also argue that it is difficult at times to locate a particular piece of music that they’re looking for.   Also, this activity is for personal use, not resale (Healey and Leeds 176).   There is also no evidence that MP3 file sharing has dramatically hurt CD sales.   In 2001, sales dropped 10% and in 2002 sales dropped 7% (Bockhorn 163). There are news and write ups on lawsuits for music-downloading like the Napsters and Metallica lawsuits but possible loss of revenue for recording industry were not perceived. Music-downloading is hurting the businesses of music retailers. While downloaders are getting music for free through downloading it from internet or MP3s, it is a loss of income for massive music retail outlets. (Bestul, par. 5) People resigned from buying or purchasing music and switch over to downloading it from the computer instead. What they haven’t thought about is the income that music retailers or outlets will lose every time they download the music for free from computer or MP3 instead of buying a CD from retail outlets. In attempting to defend this illegal behavior, consumers will argue that corrupt record companies refuse to embrace technology that will allow ‘ala carte’ purchases.   Consumers wish to purchase the one or two songs from an album that are worthy of purchase.   This choice could lead to the extinction of great albums such as the Beatles’ Sgt. Peppers album (Bockhorn 163).   Bockhorn believes that people want to do the right thing, and hopes that record companies will provide us options for subscription or ala carte, but thus far they have been very reluctant.   If record companies would join the new technology, all of us could rest easier know that the artist got his/her share (Bockhorn 164). It is believe to be impossible to stop the downloading of music because it is the fad as of this era. Aside from the fact that many people are music lovers, the technology that we have today is unstoppable. Advancement in technology might be the reason why people can come up in this kind of technique in getting what they want for free or at a lesser cost with much ease. Maybe in the future, we might have other ways or means of downloading music or files in a more convenient way based on how technology progress on every generation. Future growth of MP3 digital technology is yet to be determined, with many changes to come.   Millions of Internet users each day have access to use of this technology, either through free or paid Internet sites.   Consumers do have a choice, the questions remains to be, how many will lean toward their obligation of legal choice.   Future enforcement of the free technology won’t be effective unless the music industry offers a legal alternative to file sharing. References Bestul, Michael J. (11 December 2003). â€Å"Lost in the controversy.† Blogcritics.com Retrieved last October 19, 2006. Websites: http://blogcritics.org/archives/2003/12/11/082220.php Bockhorn, Lee.   â€Å"MP3 and Me: How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love Online Music File-Sharing (sort of).† The Weekly Standard 16 October 2002 Edwards, Catherine. â€Å"The Napster Challenge.† Insight on the News January 2001 Hafner, Katie (19 September 2003). â€Å"Is it wrong to share your music? (Discuss).† The New York Times Retrieved last October 19, 2006. Website: http://www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20030919friday.html Healey, John, and Jeff Leeds. â€Å"Tone Deaf to the Moral Dilemma?† The Los Angeles Times 2 September 2003 Madden, Mary and Rainie, Lee (25 March 2005). â€Å"Music and Video Downloading Moves Beyond P2P.† Pew Internet and American Life Project Retrieved last October 19, 2006. W Website: http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/153/report_display.asp Wicknick, Darcie-Nicole. â€Å"The RIAA Muic Downloading Controversy: Both Sides of the Record.† MusicBizAdvice.com Retrieved last October 19, 2006. Websites: http://www.musicbizadvice.com/a_little_history_on_music_piracy%20.htm http://www.musicbizadvice.com/the_music_downloaders_point_of_view.htm http://www.musicbizadvice.com/RIAA_Music_Downloading_Controversy.htm ; ; ; ;

Speech Essay

When at the age Of eight Emma was considered bossy simple because she wanted to direct a production, later her girlfriends no longer wanted to participate in sports due to masculinity, and at age 18, her male friends could not express their feelings. Even after her experiences, she has realized that feminism has diminished in meaning. The introduction of the speech had a great attention getter because Emma pointed out a problem that is usually towards girls, and was asking for help of the audience. While she was introducing the topic, she did not really preview any main points, but only stated the thesis and purpose.In this speech, she is informing the audience on how she was able to speak for this problem she stated, â€Å"l was appointed six months ago and the more I have spoken about feminism the more I have realized that fighting for women's rights has too often become synonymous with man hating. If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to stop. † The audience in at this event had an equal amount of women and men. The transitions in this conclude introducing the campaign (Hovers) and owe it needs to be addressed and brought to attention to the population.Once she inform the problem, she then went on to the era of feminism; and how feminism has become a word that is unpopular to the culture around us. The term is considered an â€Å"uncomfortable† word stated by Watson. More and more women have not been choosing to indemnify themselves as feminist due to the remarks made on feminists today. After going on about women's liberation she then discussed why there needs to be gender equality, and what could happen in the future generations if it continued to go any further. The topic of this speech could legitimately make a big impact if it were to follow through.Equal rights should be brought to attention, and Emma gives a good dialogue of the situation. â€Å"Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive. Both men and wo men should feel free to be strong†¦ It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum not as two opposing sets of ideals. If we stop defining each other by what we are not and start defining ourselves by what we are-?we can all be freer and this is what Hovers is about. It's about freedom. † (Watson) Watson shapes great persuasive points throughout he whole speech. It is time for the men and women of the world to be treated the same.Men should not feel the discomfort of being vulnerable, and women should not be judged or fear the want of being strong. Many people do not realize the different stereotypes that are given to men, and that are seen on a daily basis. When is it the turn for men to be able to feel comfortable in their own skin without being judged for what should be happening? As stated in the speech, â€Å"If men do not have to be aggressive in order to be accepted women won't feel compelled to be submissive. If men o not have to control, women will not hav e to be controlled.In this speech Emma W. Uses, the speech spoken Hilary Clinton to help support her statements. The speech was given in 1 995 and in Beijing about women's rights, and how the changes that she wanted back then are still a reality today. Another one of the sources included the depth of how men cannot seem to want to ask for help when It is needed. For example, in the UK suicide is the largest killer amongst men varying from the ages of 20-49. Moreover, why is that? It is because men are afraid to ask for attention for the season that it will take away from their masculinity.I now understand why Emma wants this to be something everyone should be aware of, and how it needs to end. In this speech, it very much caught my attention especially since every main point had a strong body to go with it to support it. In my opinion, Emma was a great choice to speak for this campaign. It seemed that this subject was a sensitive matter, and she was able to connect with the audience to express her views. In conclusion, I believe that Emma Watson had a great persuasive input on her outlook on gender equality. Speech Essay When at the age Of eight Emma was considered bossy simple because she wanted to direct a production, later her girlfriends no longer wanted to participate in sports due to masculinity, and at age 18, her male friends could not express their feelings. Even after her experiences, she has realized that feminism has diminished in meaning. The introduction of the speech had a great attention getter because Emma pointed out a problem that is usually towards girls, and was asking for help of the audience. While she was introducing the topic, she did not really preview any main points, but only stated the thesis and purpose.In this speech, she is informing the audience on how she was able to speak for this problem she stated, â€Å"l was appointed six months ago and the more I have spoken about feminism the more I have realized that fighting for women's rights has too often become synonymous with man hating. If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to stop. † The audience in at this event had an equal amount of women and men. The transitions in this conclude introducing the campaign (Hovers) and owe it needs to be addressed and brought to attention to the population.Once she inform the problem, she then went on to the era of feminism; and how feminism has become a word that is unpopular to the culture around us. The term is considered an â€Å"uncomfortable† word stated by Watson. More and more women have not been choosing to indemnify themselves as feminist due to the remarks made on feminists today. After going on about women's liberation she then discussed why there needs to be gender equality, and what could happen in the future generations if it continued to go any further. The topic of this speech could legitimately make a big impact if it were to follow through.Equal rights should be brought to attention, and Emma gives a good dialogue of the situation. â€Å"Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive. Both men and wo men should feel free to be strong†¦ It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum not as two opposing sets of ideals. If we stop defining each other by what we are not and start defining ourselves by what we are-?we can all be freer and this is what Hovers is about. It's about freedom. † (Watson) Watson shapes great persuasive points throughout he whole speech. It is time for the men and women of the world to be treated the same.Men should not feel the discomfort of being vulnerable, and women should not be judged or fear the want of being strong. Many people do not realize the different stereotypes that are given to men, and that are seen on a daily basis. When is it the turn for men to be able to feel comfortable in their own skin without being judged for what should be happening? As stated in the speech, â€Å"If men do not have to be aggressive in order to be accepted women won't feel compelled to be submissive. If men o not have to control, women will not hav e to be controlled.In this speech Emma W. Uses, the speech spoken Hilary Clinton to help support her statements. The speech was given in 1 995 and in Beijing about women's rights, and how the changes that she wanted back then are still a reality today. Another one of the sources included the depth of how men cannot seem to want to ask for help when It is needed. For example, in the UK suicide is the largest killer amongst men varying from the ages of 20-49. Moreover, why is that? It is because men are afraid to ask for attention for the season that it will take away from their masculinity.I now understand why Emma wants this to be something everyone should be aware of, and how it needs to end. In this speech, it very much caught my attention especially since every main point had a strong body to go with it to support it. In my opinion, Emma was a great choice to speak for this campaign. It seemed that this subject was a sensitive matter, and she was able to connect with the audience to express her views. In conclusion, I believe that Emma Watson had a great persuasive input on her outlook on gender equality.

Management Techniques

Moreover, the manager hired also needs to have experience in planning, organizing, leading, and controlling a new service department in order to provide excellent customer service. Based on these qualifications, the following five questions will help determine If this candidate can take charge, organize things, and get people motivated and working again In a Service Department: 1 . Can you tell me of a situation wherein you think you're going to fall, but you were able to reverse the situation and succeed?Can you tell me what you did? (Burblers, 2004) This question ill assess the candidate's temperament particularly how he acts under pressure. Moreover, the answers provided will also indicate the level of the candidate's planning, organizing, leading and controlling skills as solving a dilemma successfully requires a more than average skills in these functions. 2. â€Å"Tell me about the most different employee situation you have ever had to handle. What did you do about it, what wa s the result† (Kodak, p. 39).This question will help me determine the candidate's core competencies as regards motivating people and getting available resources at hand to get the Job done. 3. We all feel that we are unique In our accomplishments; can you tell me an Instance that you feel Is unique? This question will help In assessing the confidence of the candidate on himself. A manager to be an effective leader, must exude confidence, otherwise his staff will not have confidence on his ability to lead them as well. 4. Tell me about a time when you turned down a good job.The answer will help me assess whether the candidate can actually deliver results. 5. Tell me what you have done on a consistent basis to ensure that your staff or direct report feel valued for their contributions. The candidate's answer will help me determine the level of the candidate's interpersonal skills specifically his behavior towards people working under him. The way the candidate answers the above questions will help the hiring manager assess his communication and interpersonal skills.In looking for the right person to fill the position of manager for the new department, that person must show above average skills and capabilities In managing people particularly In directing them towards the attainment of the organization's goals. This is important since the division that the manager will be meaning Is a new one, tune tans could De Klan to uncreated territories. Lastly' t person must also be experienced in exploring new things and being comfortable outside his comfort zone.

Court observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court observation - Essay Example Some of the residents questioned by the police admitted to the three being drug dealers. The court used the evidence presented before it to either hold them accountable or rule otherwise (White 120). Ten minutes before the proceeding, the audience who are to follow the whole process took their seats in the courtroom. As one of the audience I took to the front seat in order to follow keenly and closely. At exactly 9 am we are guided into a standing ovation as the presiding judge entered the court room. Then the suspects were brought into the courtroom under a tight security (White 129). One of the clerks ordered silence. The judge requested one of the assigned clerks to read the case for the suspects to confirm their case. He proceeded to read to the suspects the democratic rights that they enjoy while in the court. The court rules were then read out to the court. That people were to remain silent during the sessions and no misconduct in the court. The suspects were asked to corporate and the lawyers to treat each other with respect. The police provided evidence they collected during their investigation and bared witness that these were the real suspects they caught. The witnesse s were given time to testify. They were called one by one and questioned in detail by the prosecutor, lawyers and the suspects The accused were given the chance to prove that they are not guilty. All of them pleaded not guilty. They did not agree with the prosecutions brief facts. The court was then subjected to hear the evidence from the prosecution and the accused listened to the facts, whether to agree with them or not (White 145). After conviction, the prosecutor then notified the court of the previous crime records of the accused. He mentioned two cases which three were suspected of other counts of crime including possession of illegal weapons. After the case was confirmed, the first

More Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

More Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example On one hand, ‘the man’ is for abortion, whilst ‘the girl,’ on the other hand, is strongly against abortion (Hemingway, 2013). As such, in order to procure the abortion against ‘the girl’s† wish, ‘the man’ does all he can to convince he fiancà © to agree to abort the child. In fact, ‘the man’ goes to the extent of telling his fiancà © that abortion is just a simple operation that is necessary for her interest. Even though Hemingway failed to tell readers, whether ‘the girl’ procured the abortion or not, we can only conclude that she did the operation in Madrid. This became apparent at the end of the story, where ‘the girl,’ like her fiancà © became a supporter of abortion, which was not only considered immoral and dangerous, but also illegal (Hemingway, 2013). Hemingway developed the plot in such a manner that interlinks well with the characters in the story. After reading the story, one becomes convinced that the two characters are acting naturally in the story. Naturally, a man will always seek for an abortion in the event that a girl friend becomes pregnant unplanned. On the other hand, woman would always tend to resist performing an operation that she believes to be dangerous. Therefore, the two characters, no doubt, act naturally in the story. Regarding the ending of the story, Hemingway should have ended the story by telling readers whether the abortion was successful. In addition, the author ought to have ended the story by informing readers of the repercussion of performing the abortion considering the fact that abortion was illegal and considered immoral at the time he wrote this short

Industry Experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industry Experience - Assignment Example My experience would contribute to the development of a management report because I have the background and knowledge in management to help a company formulate its overall strategies and goals. For example, I am aware that HRM (Human Resource Management) is one of the prime examples through which strategic management can influence what occurs within a company by a mixture of theory and pragmatic practice. It is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. Many firms are realizing that a traditional functional organization is evermore unsuitable for the current environment in which they operate. The present time and environment demand firms to be more agile and adapt quickly to their surroundings. The best method here, firms have realized, is to develop easily deployable teams containing individuals that are fit for certain jobs and projects. The process by which a firm formulates and implements its strategy through the resources at its disposal. It can be mirrored with the actual definition of management as well in that it is devising goals and methods by which an organization is to be run, with a direction (Kono, 1996). Strategic management dwells upon where the firm currently stands, where it will be in three (short term), five (mid term) or ten (long term) years if no changes are made, whether this predicted position of the firm is acceptable, and if not, what changes will have to be made now in order to secure a position where it is envisioned to be in. Strategic management rises above the petty problems of day to day business processes to devise a direction for the firm and

The Chrysamthemums Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Chrysamthemums - Essay Example Flower and wire fence create a picture how her tender emotions are imprisoned. Through such enclosures, she watches the activities that are taking place in the society. Elisa has no conflict with her husband; everything apparently seems to go on well. Her dissatisfaction with her life has nothing to do with the attitudes of her husband and his disposition towards her. The story critically examines her psychology. The images of seasons, weather, plants and animals—all work as natures agents to provide support to the happiness of her life. When a bright and energetic woman has to fall in line to follow the routine procedures of married life, an unseen compulsion blocks her career goals and she turns cynical. Elisa makes desperate efforts to come to terms to find real happiness in life, but in vain. She thinks that she is going round and round in the same circle with no possibility of finding an opening. A powerful woman feels powerless for no apparent reasons, except that she is married. Steinbeck further writes, â€Å"She took off a glove and put her strong fingers down into the forest of new green chrysanthemum sprouts that were growing around the old roots. She spread the leaves and looked down among the close-growing stems. No aphids were there, no sow bugs or snails or cutworms. Her terrier fingers destroyed such pests before they could get started.†(p.375) This description indicates something profound about Elisas personality. She is cut out to accomplish the great, but she has to find satisfaction in activities like trimming the plants and dealing with the chrysanthemums. Being unable to find the perfect disciplines in her choices in life, she practices to adjust and carry on with the available discipline! In fine, the story "The Chrysanthemums" is steeped in symbolism to highlight the plight of an ambitious

Making a theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Making a theory - Essay Example More over it has got a five button mouse, which will assist the user working in a natural way.2 Using a pen tablet with its matching point will help the user to get the design displayed on the screen exactly what he draws on the tablet. The pressure sensitivity is yet another feature of the product, it lets the user to have a control over the software tools such as brush size, opacity and other things can be controlled dynamically.3 The tablet has a Ergononic design with sloping control palm , in addition to multiple cod positions for generator work and space flexibility. Above all it has enhanced resolution and available in various sizes. The Grip Pen has 11024 levels of tip and eraser pressure sensitivity for control, battery free technology, multi-position pen stand three nib styles and tilt sensitivity. The five button mouse has a smooth and accurate tracking without ball or optic functioning with battery free technology.. Previously were using only a scanner or a Paint Brush soft ware to draw something, and then came Auto Cad, which too helped in drawing diagrams of machines and tools with help of pre fixed shapes such as straight lines, circles, rectangle, etc. But INCUOS.3 has gone forward more steps further and the easy way to develop a graphic design is very clearly seen in this method. The flexibility which this product gives has all the reason behind my attraction towards this product. When you find your imagination take its shape with colors and you get the chance immediately to view your dream spot or painting or thought with a realistic touch, the happiness you get is immeasurable. The INCUOS.3 Graphic Pen Tablet , I would say with least hesitation that, is it a yet another invention, a miniature of a dream factory. Usually a cinema world is called a dream factory, where those things we imagine are given life for quiet some time and there we get a partial but better satisfaction that

Imagine that you are the owner of a small manufacturing company Research Paper

Imagine that you are the owner of a small manufacturing company - Research Paper Example The minimum wage workers, mostly in the assembly section, would be at the level where the basic needs have to be satisfied. The basic needs or the lowest levels needs are the physiological needs and unless these are satisfied, other needs will not even surface. This is based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs that explains what motivates people and the type of needs that cause action. Based on this theory, it is thus necessary that minimum wage workers are given wages that meet their basic needs. This is their primary concern and can motivate them to work. Moreover, it takes lot more than money to make people happy. People seek job security, recognition and status. Job security is particularly important for people that seek to satisfy lower order needs (Latham & Ernst, 2006). However, even though their basic needs are met, they also expect distributive justice. If an employee feels he is underpaid, it could adversely affect performance. This may also lead to feelings of hostility towards the management. Adams’ equity theory focuses on the motivational effects of distributive justice where the workers would compare the inputs and outputs of their own self versus those of others (Locke & Latham, 2004). To ensure low turnover, management should try to increase the link between efforts and performance evaluation, and performance and outcomes. Providing the right job role and training to fulfill the job role would motivate the minimum wage worker because they would feel recognized. This is the based on the Hawthorne Studies, which found that supervision, incentives and working conditions impact performance. Self-determination theory (SDT) is another theory of human motivation and development. One of the theories it focuses on is controlled motivation. Controlled motivation consists of external regulation as well as introjected regulation (Deci and Ryan, 2008). Once the basic needs of the minimum wage workers are provided, to achieve the desire productivity , they need some amount of control. Through control behaviour should be regulated by means of external contingencies such as rewards and punishment. Under control people are pressurized to think, feel or behave in particular ways. They may also try to give their best as this could bring them rewards and failure to do so could result in punishment. As far as employees from other sections (sales, technology and administration) are concerned, different set of motivation strategy can be adopted. Goal-setting theory by Locke and Latham focuses on the effects of conscious goals as motivators of task performance. Goal setting is a powerful motivation technique as it creates a â€Å"strong situation† (Latham & Ernst, 2006). The strong situation minimizes the effect of personality difference among workers. In sales and technology people with differing skills and personality are likely to be in the same team. Goal-setting theory states that setting high goals can lead to high performan ce, the higher the goals the higher will be one’s performance and variable such as participation in decision making and feedback enhance performance (Locke, 1968 cited in Locke & Latham, 2004). When people attain goals they feel satisfied. This will also ensure high quality work. To minimize the impact of individual differences, goal-setting should be based on individual talent and capabilities. At the same time, high but attainable goals could enhance productivity and performance. Organizational

Intelligence Definition and Measurement Paper Essay - 1

Intelligence Definition and Measurement Paper - Essay Example Again, things seemed to fall in a common sense pattern throughout this test. This test was also presented in a multiple choice format. It seemed standard for an intelligence test, but it does seem that if a person is not honest or does not know himself or herself well, the results of the test could be thrown off. As for me, I did felt that the test matched my personality; I am an outgoing person that enjoys going out and having fun, and this did reflect strongly in the test. The dictionary meaning defines intelligence as "the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge by means of thought and reason." This definition, like many of the psychological definitions of psychology, comes across as a bit too rigid. Intelligence is, in fact, a very open term, and this needs to be considered. The tests above do demonstrate this concept. Therefore, the theory that seems to fit these tests the best, and the theory that seems to make the most sense is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences. This is because Gardner takes a look at intelligence in a bit more open concept, actually categorizing different forms of intelligence. Intelligence therefore no longer becomes something about being â€Å"smart,† it is actually encompassed in a human’s senses as well. The eight intelligences described by Gardner are: Gardner’s theory has become quite popular, and the tests above actually rated people by these categories. Therefore, I feel strongly that the tests are reflecting on Gardner’s theory. By breaking intelligence into categories and demonstrating that several items can makeup intelligence, the concept makes much more sense to people, and allows them to see that intelligence is about far more than stereotypical book smarts. All three tests above were standard, and very reliable and valid as far as the overall test results were concerned. Nothing really surprised me and I did feel that the tests

Devine Love vs Human Love Essay Example for Free

Devine Love vs Human Love Essay End of the Affair both distinguish between divine love and human love. A common thread that runs throughout is the inconsistencies that are associated with human love and the unconditional nature of divine love. Both Greene and Lewis use familial, platonic and erotic love to illustrate the distinction between divine love and human love with the result that the reader appreciates that human love is superficial given for the wrong reasons while divine love is authentic love given for all the right reasons. Moreover, both Greene and Lewis use their protagonists to demonstrate that while human love is characterized by negative emotions such as jealousy and selfishness, divine love is kind and unselfish. This paper focuses on the varieties of love featured in both books and demonstrates how modernity tends to prioritize human love over divine love with a view to rationalizing how and why romantic, familial and erotic love, all forms of human love are displaced in both novels. In each of the novels, the inescapable message is that erotic love is fragile and recklessly teeters on the outer fringes of hate. C. S. Lewis’s Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold As in Greene’s The End of the Affair Lewis’s Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold Human love is unveiled for all its inherent flaws. Orual, the central figure in Lewis’s Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold recounts her relationship with her sister Psyche. Through Orual Lewis permits his reader to follow the progression of that relationship laying bare the weaknesses associated with affectionate love that Orual has for her sister Psyche and how that love develops into possessive love. Exemplifying the frailties of human love, particularly familial love, Lewis also demonstrates how human love can be conditional and selfish by exposing the fragile relationship between Orual and her father. Perhaps more importantly, Lewis uses these unique familial relationships to demonstrate how selfish human love can transform into hate. In summary Till We Have Faces is a re-telling of the Greek mythical story of Cupid/Eros and Psyche. In Lewis’s re-telling the story is reconstructed through the eyes of Orual who is represented as unattractive and jealous and uniquely disgruntled by the Gods’ mistreatment of her. Psyche, the beautiful sister is the object to Orual’s affections. In this re-telling Lewis deliberately complicates familial love in that Orual’s love for her sister is obsessive. On the other side of the spectrum, Redival’s love for Orual is spurious and the love for Psyche by King Trom is self-deceptive. Fox’s love for Orual and Psyche is also transient. Lewis also ventures into sexual/erotic love which is multifaceted in Till We Have Faces. Orual’s love for Bardia is unrequited, Ansit’s love for Bardia is frustrating and of course there is the superficial infatuation of men for Orual in her veiled condition. Lewis also takes pains to demonstrate that self-love is destructive in presenting duality in Orual who loves and hates herself all at once. This duality is selfish and damaging at the same time. Above all however, the emphasis is on divine love and implicit in this re-telling is a transition from Greek Philosophical times to modern Christianity. (Hooper, 1996, 250) Father Peter Milward writes of Till We Have Faces: â€Å"The main themes are, (1) Natural affection, if left to mere nature, easily becomes a special kind of hatred, (2) God is, to our natural affections, the ultimate object of jealousy. † (Hooper, 1996, 250) Psyche as reconstructed by Lewis has a natural predisposition for affection for divinity whereas Psyche’s love for divinity coincides with Orual’s love for humankind particularly her love for Psyche. While Psyche’s love for the gods are first and foremost in her heart, Orual’s love for Psyche comes first and each sister regards her love as the natural love. For Orual Psyche represents â€Å"the beginning of my [Orual’s] joys. † (Lewis, 20) On the other hand, Psyche derives her greatest at a time just before she is sacrificed to Cupid as it is a means of bringing her closer tot he gods. (Lewis, 74) Orual’s love for Psyche however is aligned to hatred and becomes a means by which Lewis demonstrates the superficial nature of human love whether familial or romantic in nature. Orual’s so-called love and affection for her sister fluctuates from love to hate in a manner which can only leave the impression that the love is fickly to begin with and not based on sound principles or values. For instance the night before Psyche is sacrificed Orual reveals that her sister has â€Å"made me, in a way, angry. † (Lewis, 71) Moreover the following day, Orual dreams her sister â€Å"was my [Orual’s] greatest enemy. † (Lewis, 71) The remainder of the first part of Till We Have Faces is characterized by this king of fluctuations of Orual’s affections for her sister. The inconsistencies are not lost on Psyche who observes: â€Å"I am not sure whether I like your kind [of love] better than hatred. † (Lewis, 165) Superimposed in this aspect of human love as illustrated through Lewis’s Orual is the damaging elements of human love whether romantic or familial. Orual’s love for her sister is characterized by two fatal flaws. First she loves her sister in such a way that she easily allows it to fall into hatred. Secondly, Orual permits her hatred to rebound to the gods. The love-hate scenario from Orual to Psyche is connected to the gods to the extent that Orual permits her love for Psyche to become possessive. That possessive love turns to a dangerous jealousy which is borne out of the presumption that Psyche loves the gods to the exclusion of Orual who in turn holds the gods accountable for taking Psyche’s love from her. Orual’s jealousy is so strong that she’d rather the gods had killed her sister than made her immortal. She laments: â€Å"We’d rather they were ours and dead than yours and made immortal. † (Lewis, 291) Psyche’s love for the gods is interpreted by Orual as a theft by the gods. To her way of thinking the gods took Psyche’s love from her and she says as much, â€Å"Psyche was mine and no one else had any right to her. †(Lewis, 291-292) Lewis intent with respect to Orual’s reaction to Psyche and her affection for the gods were specifically delineated in a letter he sent to Katerine Farrer. Lewis explains in the letter that Orual’s jealousy and attitude toward her sister’s relationship with the God was intended to convey the typical reaction of family members when a relative gives his life to Christianity. Lewis explained in the letter that the reaction of family members is typified by Orual’s when: â€Å"someone becomes a Christian, or in a family nominally Christian already, does something like become a missionary or enter a religious order. The others suffer a sense of outrage. What they love is being taken away from them. † (Hooper, 249) In other words Orual’s angst with the gods finds its place in the kind of jealousy that one family member experiences when it appears to them that a loved one religion replaces them. In much the same way Orual’s bitterness stems from a jealousy which is founded on love. The self-destructive and selfish nature of human love is also succinctly illustrated through Orual. In Lewis’s characterization of Orual she increasingly subscribes to the notion that if she can’t have her sister then she will not permit anyone else have her. Orual convinces Psyche to look upon her lover, despite his warning to the contrary. In her way of thinking Orual perceives that she is saving Psyche and to prove her intention she cuts her arm. The danger of Orual’s love and the dangerous manner in which her love for her sister influences her thinking and perception are revealed in the following excerpt from Till We Have Faces: â€Å"How could she hate me, when my arm throbbed and burned with the wound I had given it for her love? † (Lewis, 169) Ironically, the gods whose love Orual condemns closely mirrors Orual’s idea of love which is self-serving and consuming. It is not until the novel nears its conclusion that Orual comes to the realization that how love was commandeered by avarice and self-satisfaction. In this way Lewis is able to expose the superficial nature of human love. This is finally accomplished with Orual coming to terms with and accepting that her desire to have Psyche, the Fox and Bardia all to herself was entirely wrong. Lewis uses Ansit to voice the meaning of real or divine love by having him provide a brief commentary on Orual’s love. Ansit, referring to Orual’s pursuit of Bardia notes that: â€Å"He was to live the life he though best and fittest for a great man—not that which would most pleasure me. † (Lewis, 264)

Education in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

Education in the Philippines Essay Education, a continuous process of growth from womb to tomb that is most essential to man for development and progress. In technical sense, it is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, values and skills from one generation to another through institutions. This technical process is sometimes called schooling, when referring to the compulsory education of the youth. The continuous growth of the population in the Philippines has been a great factor that affects the quality of education one can experience. There are greater and greater number of students in a class that a learning institution can accommodate. Other than that, some other problems occurred such as: lack of qualified teachers, inadequate classrooms and ineffective programs. These are more evident to public schools here in the country. Recognizant of this reality, small communities in the urban part of the country have been sensitively responding to this situation. Little by little, the number of private learning institutes have been massively growing in some areas in the city. The sustenance of these private schools is, in a very large extent, depend upon enrolment. School administrators have been continuously seeking ways and means to upgrade the standards and quality of their respective school in terms of its delivery system and other related components of quality education. This have been noticeable to Barangay Bagong Silangan because of the numerous learning centers that was established here for the past ten years. Parents, regardless of the schools’ standards, enroll their children to these private learning centers believing that they would experience a better quality education than that of in the public schools. It is, most of the people, if not everybody’s interest, to be equipped with knowledge and skills for productive endeavor in the future. The vital reason for a researcher to conduct a study is to make the parents aware if their children are getting the quality of education that they want for them in these private learning centers.

General business overview of Tesco

General business overview of Tesco Tesco was founded about 1919 by a person call Jack Cohen in  Londons  East End. In this year as well he Jack Cohren started was selling groceries in the markets of the East End.   After about 5 years the name TESCO started to appear on labels because Jack Cohen brought a large shipment of tea from a company called T.E. Stockwell.   Due to this he put the first two letters of the supplier of tea along with the first two letters of his surname and this spelt out TESCO.   The first Tesco store opened in 1929 and now it has 1,800 stores just in the UK and its present felt in 12 countries.   Tesco now is the largest British  retailer, both by global sales and by domestic market share, and the fourth largest retailer in the world behindWal-Mart  of the United States,  Carrefour  of France, and  The Home Depot  of the United States. Tesco used to only sell food but now it has moved into areas such as  clothes,  consumer electronics, consumer  financial services, selling and renting  DVDs,  compact discs  and  music downloads,  internet  service and consumer  telecoms. Tesco over the years is UKs most popular retailer with over 13 million customers a week, number of non food products/services available has gradually increased, Tesco.com is the world largest home delivery service in the world and it is operating in 12 different countries with further expansion in other countries.   The reason for all these success mentioned above is all down to one thing, which is the approach taken by Tesco on customer focused.   Tesco is unique in this way because many retailers would tend to focus only on profits.   However, Tesco as well as making profits would like to create value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty.   ( Tesco Interim report, 2005) This can be seen in Tesco mission statement and the way this is achieved is through corporate strategy.   The corporate strategy of this retailer consist of four parts; UK Core Business, Retail Services, Non-Food and International.   It can be seen from the annual report that the profits in eac h of these four strategies have gone up.   In the UK Core Business profits went up 14.9% compared with few years back where there was an increase of 12.7% , Retailing Services was  £40 million pounds but now it is  £70 million pounds, Non food was expected market share to only be 6% but it is actually 7% and the operations in overseas market is now in 12 countries. The success of this strategy needs to be broken down in order to provide evidence to show how effective Tesco as been and in what way. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UK  Core Business Tesco has got a strong UK Core Business because this is where everything started from and gradually as the years went on the retailer was able to exploit opportunities.   This was done through innovation and having the energy in finding ways to expand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After five years there were only 728 stores in the  UK  (Tesco Account Watch, 2002).   However, now that numbers has dramatically increased to 1,800 stores (Tesco, 2006) with more then 260,000 employees.   From this it can be seen that Tesco idea of expansion was a huge success and this is reflective in the profitability where the sales are  £32.7 billion pounds and the operating profits are  £1.788 million pounds. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-Food This is seen as being important for Tesco because in the future they would like be in front of their competitors.   This can be seen in an annual report of 2002 where it state that ..in the long term would like to be as strong as it is in food to have 6% market share within the next three years. (Tesco Account Watch, 2002)However Tesco have succeeded the expected market share by gaining a market share of 7%. (Tesco,2006)   The main reason why this has gone up is due to the fact that Tesco has been able to offer over 100 new products including CDs, electrical goods, clothes etc at low prices and at good quality.   By doing this, it will allow this retailer to keep customer loyalty for a long time as well. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retailing Services The effective way of implementing this according to Tesco is through joint ventures with major players in the sector they want to operate.   Bu doing this it allows Tesco to the ability to contribute it customer base as well as brand strengths to the partnership and vice versa.   Ã‚  This has been done exceptionally well since Tesco were able to follow customer (Tesco Account Watch, 2002) by offering a wide range of products/services not just to existing customers but to new one as well. Tesco offer three things so far; Tesco Personal Finance (TPF), Tesco.com and Tesco telecom.   All these have done well with the increase profits of  £70 million pounds for TPF, Tesco.com sales nearly  £1 billion pounds and the telecom is serving over half a million customers. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International The expansion of Tesco overseas first took place in 2004 where it was decided that Central Europe and the Far East would be first to have a Tesco.   Since this retailer was so successful in the  UK  it did not enter the market in the Western European and  USA  because it was not ready since it didnt know the market, culture, etc.   However expanding in  Central Europe  and  Far Eastwas a good choice to start off with because it allowed them to use the best practice suitable for them for developing stores efficiently and at minimum cost.   It also allowed them build the store as soon as possible since a range of store formats that can be rolled out quickly as required (Tesco Account Watch, 2002). Ever since the first expansion in 2004 Tesco now is operating in 12 different countries with further expansion going on in Western Europe and in USA.   The expansion occurred through six different steps:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1st   Being  Flexible   Approaching market differently since all markets are unique  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2nd   Act  Local   Need to get the attention of the local and build relationship with them as well.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3rd   Keep  Focus- It always take time to establish in a market therefore need to always be focus on the tasks in hand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4th   Be  Muli-format   Need to be able to adapt a number of different store format since only format will not reach the whole market.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5th   Develop  Capability   Need to be able to train people and develop relationship with others and share the information is vital for the chance of success.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6th   Build  Brands   This allow establishing long relationship with customers.   From the above it can be seen that the strategy that Tesco have are very much related to giving customers the best service by offering a range of products at low prices and at different places.   By putting all their attention on customers would allow them to exceed expectations in terms of profitability. Tesco Strategy From examining Tesco strategy it can be concluded that Tesco follow deliberate strategy which can de defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦quality of acting intentionallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they think before they do, (Wit Meyer,2004).   Tesco follow this strategy because they intend to do something which is realised afterwards.   For example one of Tesco strategy is about  UK  which involves frequent contact with customers and building new stores which meet different customers needs.   From these the profitability for the  UK  has gone up therefore it was realised that this strategy is working well.   Similar to this is that the other strategy about international, non food products and services have all seen an increase in the profitability. Tesco tend to have a plan for each strategy which further illustrate that Tesco follow deliberate strategy.   When Tesco started off it the strategy was pile it high and sell it cheap.   This was unsuccessful and a plan was put together and a new strategy came which was about achieving customers loyalty for a lifetime.   This is a success and if the fundamental purpose of Tesco. Tesco on the other hand strategy may fall in the category of emergent strategy.   This can be seen from the non food products.   Tesco offering telecoms, internet etc falls here because the opportunities were there which needed to be exploited.   Similar to this is that if Tesco did not take these opportunities with both hands the threat was that other supermarkets would take full advantage of this.   Also a threat was that if a competitor does something the supermarket must follow to remain competitive (Elsevier bookshop, 2006). Overall the approach taken by Tesco is a rational planning approach.   The reason for this is because Tesco knows the direction it went to go, the main purpose of the business is known and the objectives are established.   All these are done differently through different analysis such as External/Internal environment, assessing current position etc. Financial Analysis Profitability Ratios The following ratios compare Tesco Store Plc and WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC. Return on Investment Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supernmarkets PLC 20.08% (Anuual Report 2006) 5.55% (Annual report, 2006) The above ratio shows how management use the company assets to generate revenue. In the above ratio it can be seen that Tesco Plc, 20.08% earning are much higher compared to WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC which is 5.55%.   Due to the big gap between these two companies it clearly shows that Tescos operational management is more efficiently making full use of the companys asset to generate more sales. Gross Profit Tesco Plc WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC 7.7% (Annual report, 2006) 24.58% (Fame-analysis) The above ratio is an important measurement in terms of profitability since it basically measures the trading effectiveness and basic profit earning capability of a company.   From the above ratio it quite strange that WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC ratio is much better in comparison with Tesco Stores PLC.   Therefore it shows that the production and distribution efficiency of WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC that it manages to earn a greater percentage of gross profit than Tesco Stores PLC. Net Profit Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 5.7% (Annual report, 2006) 2.6% (Fame-analysis) This figure above shows the companies profit after taking all the expenses off and other costs as well from the gross profit.   Tesco PLC net ratio is 5.7% whereas WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC is 2.6%.   Investment Ratio Earning per Share (EPS) Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 20.07p (Annual report,2006) 9.46p (Annual report 2006) The investment in a company tend to be made in stocks/shares therefore the above ratio is essential in the assessing the market value of the companys shares.   Tescos share is much greater than WM Morrisons Supermarkets Plc therefore it can offer more to its stockholders.   The above figures were taken from annual reports 2006.   Also the above shows that investors have trust in Tesco using the money is used to it full capacity. Dividend Yield Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 1.98% (Annual report 2006) 1.23% (Annual report 2006) Just like mentioned above this ratio also allows investors to assess the investment potential in a companys shares.   Tesco offer greater dividend yield therefore investors will be interested in this company rather than WM Morriosns Supermarkets.   It also shows that investors would be more attracted to Tesco and not to WM Morrisons Supermarkets. Dividend Cover Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2 times (Annual report, 2006) The Dividend Cover ratio shows how many times the ordinary dividend could be paid out of current earnings.   In the case of Tesco it is paying our half of its earning as ordinary dividend. Liquid Ratios Current Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 1.09:1 (Annual Report 2006) 0.45:1 (Fame analysis) The current assets are required to meet the companys debt as they are due.   The above ratio indicates this relationship especially for both supermarkets.   It shows that both companies are able to turnaround stock into cash.   However, from the above figures it shows that Tesco are much better prospects for lenders as compared to WM Morrisons Supermarkets whose current assets are less than current liabilities. Acid Test Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 0.68:1 (Annual report-2006) 0.23:1(Fame Analysis) The above ratio is used to compare the current asset without the stock with current liabilities.   The ratio itself does not actually provide any assurance that both these companies will meet futures payments.   Due to this both the above ratio show the level of stock each company holds because has retailers they are expected to keep certain amount of stocks. Efficiency Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 25 times (Annual report, 2006) 30 times (FAME- analysis) The Stock Turnover Ratio shows the average amount of times stock is held before being sold.   Since Tesco is big it is expected that stock would be sold more quickly than compared to WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC. Fixed assets turnover ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2.12 (Annual report, 2006) 1.83 (FAME- analysis) Fixed asset enable a company to function more efficiency therefore with Tesco having a high fixed asset ratio compared with WM Morrions Supermarkets are able to generate more sales.   Trade debtor collection period Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 0 days (Fame analysis) 2.53 days (Fame- analysis) The ratio is about debtor and this is the time taken to receive a payment from customers.   Tesco get the money straight away with no problems whereas WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC tends to get the money after couple of days.   This may be down to Morrisons having a policy where it takes cheques a couple of day to be cleared or other policies related to cash. Trade creditor payment period Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 26.60 days (FAME ANALYSIS) 36.24 days (Fame-analysis) This shows that it takes on average a month for a supermarket to pay back to creditors.   Tesco are able to do this quicker than Morrisons because of it ability to turn stock into cash very quickly. All the above refer to Appendix 1 which is related to Tesco, Appendix 2 which is related to WM Morrison and Appendix 3 which is related to calculations. Value Chain Analysis The Primary Activities Within the primary activities it can be seen that a key element of Tescos strategy is to have a relationship with suppliers which is quick and cost effective.   The reason for this is due to the fact that ..the greater the number of participants, the greater the synergy opportunities and the greater the change of leveraging action within the logistics and network services provider community. (Fernie Sparks, 1999)   By having a strong relationship with suppliers will enable Tesco to exchange information with suppliers which will result in having a greater opportunity to adapt to the changing environment.   The approach taken by Tesco is an important aspect especially achieving competitive advantage.   However, Tesco should do it not only with cost in mind but bearing in mind that the highest quality goods are produced more quickly and efficiently.   The transformation of its distribution operations has over the part 10 years seen the introduction of Tesco own brands which m ean that these goods will stay in Tescos control longer than other goods.    The decisions of management along with the introduction of effective technology such as software and IT systems, laser scanning which automatically re-orders goods, have all helped Tesco to position itself in the market place.   One of the reasons for Tesco success is due to technology in all parts of the business because technology has a powerful effect on competitive advantage in either cost or differentiation. (Porter, 1998) Tesco work very closely with suppliers to extend growing seasons for particular crops like strawberry which is available throughout the year.   In this situation Tesco do depend on the suppliers making the crops during the year.   However, in the longer period Tesco will be able to save costs.   By extending growing season there is a lower dependency on the warehouse and JIT production of goods. The need to work closely with suppliers and transport services is critical and using local producers wherever possible results in Tesco dealing with a number of companies and according to Christopher,1998 effective logistics management can provide a major source of competitive advantage a position of enduring superiority over competitors in terms of customer preference.   The main thing is being innovative and looking at how to improve things constantly as well as considering the environment impact of its action.   This again will reinforce the competitive position as Porter, 1998 suggested companies achieve competitive advantage through act of innovation.   It is very difficult for a supermarket like Tesco to produce the same success again therefore Tesco must continue to re -invent itself to stay ahead in this market. The Supporting Activities The companys infrastructure is based on decisions of management which help communication and control.   Support functions such as accounting, administration, public relation and marketing.   There are many people who deal with investigation and sourcing products for example, for non food products there are over 100 people.   Tesco employs over 260,000 people, (Tesco, 2006) which is a huge cost especially in terms of minimum wage.   The other costs which are involved are recruitment, training and development.   Other things such as planning, public affairs, quality assurance are all time consuming. Technology development is important because it allows Tesco to be able to adapt to its changing environment.   Tesco on line shopping is a huge success along with other things like financial service, mobile phone, clothes and electrical goods. Tesco recognizes regional differences when it comes to procurement.   They have established dedicated buying teams In the UK.   Tesco have also made arrangements not only with large producers or manufacturers of goods, but also individual farmers.   Their Fairtrade policy ( Tesco CR , 2006) ensures that the farmers receive a fair price and that consumers pay a fair price.   Long term relationships with suppliers are important, with over 1500 suppliers working with Tesco for five years.   Tesco works with suppliers and encourages them to develop regional offices in line with Tescos own distribution centres. In Tecso it can be seen that the value chain for competing in a particular industry is embedded in larger streams of activities.. (Porter, 1998). The primary activities for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 4 and the supporting activities can be seen in Appendix 5. PESTLE Analysis Political There are many external influences which affect Tesco like local business taxes as well as government introducing taxes on different products.   When Tesco decide to build new stores it will not be straight forward to do because the local and regional planning policy is extremely costly and time consuming.   Complying with government legislations is a must for Tesco since it relates to food hygiene, employment, health and safety.  Ã‚   Tesco is also under the pressure on a number of different issues. For example Friend of the Earth who believe that Tesco is using every trick in the book to dominate the retail market and coerce local authorities. ( Friend of the Earth, 2006)   and also from something call Tescopoly.   Tescopoly is to challenge the negative impacts of Tescos behaviour along its supply chains both in the  UK  and internationally, on small businesses, on communities and the environment (Tescopoly, 1995) It also makes sure that the products are made from rec ycle items and protecting the environment is the key. Environment This is a major focus not just for Tesco but for all businesses in the  UK  as well as overseas.   The issue of global warming and climate change affects everyone.   Tesco is addressing the issue by minimizing waste and recycling, by rewarding customers for re using bags (Tesco Report, 2006).   They have also spent over  £100m on a range of products from wind turbines to gasification plants.   Another thing Tesco is trying to do is reduce energy consumption (Tesco Report, 2006) with the introduction of improved heating and ventilation systems. Social The social impact of opening new stores is immense.   By opening new stores Tesco are creating new employments for many people and also they are using local suppliers rather then getting suppliers from different part of the  UK.   Tesco is a very dedicated supermarket which always gives money to a charity every year.   It also encourages healthy eating with their healthy option menus therefore encouraging the nation to get healthier and fitter combined with charitable activities like the Race for Life. (Tesco corporate, 2007) Technology Technology has improved massively over the years and it has dramatically affected Tesco.   By introducing on line shopping, improved refrigeration techniques, sophisticated software for monitoring customer loyalty shoppers and their buyers pattern and new services being offered have all together improved customer service, reducing costs and sustaining competitive advantage.   Legal The main legal issue here is related to what was mentioned above.   Since the introduction of new products/services there is a chance of customers being exposed to credit card fraud.   Ã‚  The legal department within Tesco is kept busy with the need to respond to customer complaints and compensation claims, such as the recent fuel issues.   Another thing is complying with any rules or regulations which are set out from the government to the Competition commission. Economic The main issues which have been talked about recently are fuel costs, congestion or mileage charges will also affect Tesco profitability.   On the other hand some positives can be taken for example charitable donations made by Tesco to local and regional areas.   Tesco by using local suppliers will also have an impact on the economy.   Ã‚  Tesco is promising lower prices (Tesco Report, 2006) because it want to provide a range of products which are of high quality to all customers especially those families with low income. The PESTLE Analysis for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 6 Porters Five Forces Model Competitive Rivalry The supermarket industry is high competitive in the  UK  with four supermarkets dominating the market; Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons.   This market has never been more ferocious in the battle to capture the customers loyalty (Bevan, 2005).   The one which is leading the other supermarkets in the  UK  is Tesco with 32% market share (Wekepedia, 2005) whilst the rest of the supermarkets have each got less then 20% markets share. The competitive rivalry in the  UK  is not based on the types of products sold because all supermarkets sell the same products.   However, the rivalry is based on pricing and value for money (Seth Randell, 2001). The use of technology allows this market to be more competitive because the use of technology allows a number of advantages including quicker way to speed up stock replenishment.   For example in Tesco they use Electronic Point Of Sale (EPOS) not just for checkout but   for a range of things like  fully integrated accounting, inventory management, open to buy forecasting, customer relation management (CRM), service management, rental, and payroll modules. (Thompson,2003).   Another thing which Tesco also use is EDI(Electronic Data Interchange ) which is a set of standards for structuring information to be electronically exchanged between and within businesses, organizations, government entities and other groups.   Other supermarkets use the above as well but the way Tesco use this is why Tesco is the largest supermarket in the UK. The competitve rivalry may get evenmore tense if for example other global competitors like Carrefour decide to come into the UK market by acquisition of weaker companies. Threat of new entrants Since the UK industry is dominated by four major supermarkets the threat of new entrants is high.   This is due to enconomies of scale in terms of shopping area and length of distribution channels.   These two are important factors especially in the UK however, the cost of these two are very high and a new entrant would suffer.   Similar to this is that new entrant have limited access to distribution channels in the UK because the supermarkets have already got control of these.   Another problem for a new entrant is that it will be difficult to achieve cost adavntage.   The reason for this is due to the fact that the four major supermarkets in the UK have occurred cost advantage through continually development in studying customers (buying patterns, money spent etc) and competitors.   The important part is regard to building relationship with suppiers and customers because it takes time to gain someone trust.   Due to this trying to change customers brand loyalty is ver y difficult to achieve. The main problem for Tesco and other supermarkets is related to the fact that large european supermarkets may decide to set up stores in the UK.   This can be seen from Lidl which is a German company which has got a number of stores opened in the UK. Threat of substitute In the UK alone there many substitutes because a lot of small stores like newsagent, local shops, etc sell the same products like supermarkets but the difference is that these small stores can offer discounts.   Due to this it is said that supermarkets are vulnerable.   One of the reason for supermarkets being vulnerable is about discounts and the other reason is that small stores can steal customers from supermarkets.   For example Argos- The Catalogue Shop can get a percentage of customers from the supermarkets from under their noses.   This is done by offering customers the chance to have catalogue delivered to their doors and collection of orders by post, telephone or internet. For some supermarkets this is a problem but for Tesco it is not.   The reason for this is that Tesco has a number of different stores opened across the whole UK and offers a range of products includind non food products through the internet at reasonable prices. (Tesco direct,2006).   By offeri ng non food products Tesco is in competition with Argos as well as Currys and Comet over electrical goods.   From this it can be seen that Tesco are being tuff because they want to be the best in all departments. Bargaining power of buyers In the UK the bargaining power buyers is strong especially for supermarkets in the UK since the buyers are the customers.   The power of these buyers is high because of the availability of several alternatives.   The switching cost from one to the other is low because if a customer is not happy he/she can go to the other supermarkets.   For the supermarkets Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury this is true but for Tesco it is not since it is the other way around, Tesco are able to influence the buyers.   Tesco are able to do this by having different stores Express, Metro etc in the UK all different to one another. Porters five forces model for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 7 SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Tesco is the  UK  is a well established and recognised retail brand in the  UK  offering a range of products and services from food to non food items.   Tesco has grown in the four areas it wanted to grow with a 7% market share in the non food items.   They provide fresh food at great value with many special offers being made each week.   They support fair trade and local products with over 7000 products being supplied in the  UK.   The culture of Tesco is important to its success.   Also the focuses on people, from the customers to the staff are essential for the smooth running of the organisation. Weaknesses Tesco just like many businesses in the  UK  will have problems which need to be overcome.   Since Tesco is big it has 260,000 employees which would result in Tecso paying a lot of money in term of wages and also training and development.   Also costs related to sickness and absenteeism will also affect Tesco.   Similar to this is that ..80% of group sales come from  UK (Tesco, 2006) and could be more globally focused.   Another weakness is that increase in the cost of fuel may result in loss of profitability and also an increase in the local business taxes will be bad.   Opportunities The opportunities existing for Tesco is further product introduction more opticians and pharmacies into the stores.   There also opportunities for Tesco to expand and increase market share.   Since Tesco is very popular in the  UK  and should turn their focus on the international market.   The acquisition or merger of a competitor would provide SYNERGY in terms of cost reduction, improved productivity, expanded range of products, although it may well be that because of Tecso dominant position in the market already the commission may not agree to such development. Threat The current problem which has occurred over the last few weeks was related to problem with the fuel since it was claimed that it is contaminated.   Due to this poor quality fuel may be suppl

The Transition from Analog Television to Digital Television :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Transition from Analog Television to Digital Television The transition from analog television to digital television is an issue that is becoming more and more prevalent today. In 1996 the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) ruled that until 2006 or when digital television reaches 85 percent of all American households (whichever comes later) broadcasters can keep their analog spectrum free-of-charge. They decided that after that all television broadcasts must be made digital(Leopold). While this seemed like a great plan in 1996, it was later realized that it would take much longer for the transition to be complete due to many factors. The digital evolution began to transpire on November 1, 1998. Since then there have been many other forms of digital technology adopted by our society and digital television quite possibly is next. â€Å"The speedy conversion to digital technology will have profound interest benefits, permitting efficient spectrum use, optimizing the development of new technologies and services to consumers, and fostering diversity and competition(FCC). What are the advantages of Digital Television? Overall there are many advantages to digital television. The point to creating digital television is to receive digitally encoded broadcasts. These digital broadcasts are more picture perfect and have more lifelike sound than analog television. In an analog system the waves are modulated into mechanical form and transmitted through air or over cable. In a digital system sound and images are analyzed first then converted into a stream of numbers. Digitized information is transmitted in this system, not mechanical waves(Johnson). Comparing Resolutions: Analog TV Resolution: 480 interlaced lines, which means that half the screen is refreshed at a time. Digital Television Resolution: 480 progressive-scan lines, which means that the entire screen is refreshed at the same time. Digital signals convert regular signals into strings of ones and zeros, which is much more efficient than analog signals. Broadcasters can maximize their use of channel space because digital signals carry significantly more information than analog signals. Several digital programs and services can be sent in the space occupied by a single analog channel. The result of this is that the consumer is provided with more channel choices(FCC).

Symbols and Symbolism in Strange News From Another Star :: Strange News From Another Star

Symbolism in Strange News From Another Star    Strange News from another Star is found to be a story which contains numerous symbols which in many cases contain some important, abstract information. Symbolism is something which is very difficult to explain due to the fact that not everyone sees the so mentioned symbol. They don’t quite see it as you, because no two minds are the same, which implies the fact that they don’t react equally to something which must be internally interpreted as it is not present as mere information. On this essay I will try to back up with concise words, why I believe that something is representing something abstract, as well as with information from the author. One of the first symbols that we may find, is actually the star. A star is known as a gaseous sphere, which with nuclear fusion and fission may actually give out huge amounts of energy. Obviously a star is a inhospitable place, so I believe that the star actually represents a planet or a country. The flowers, which have a very imp ortant part in the plot of the book are a symbol as well. They, have always, as least as far as I know, had a special message. A message of love, tranquillity, joy and they represent the harmony of nature itself. In the first stage of the book, we may see how a problem, the earthquake, has made the people in the star loose a vast amount of flowers. They lost some of the tranquillity and joy that had invaded their lives. And when they look for a messenger to go find flowers, they’re talking about re-finding the tranquillity and lack of fear that they wanted. I believe that the burials, actually represent life. It may sound a bit peculiar, but in real life once you get accustomed to living a happy, joyful life, you then will not be able to live without it and so, you will need to do practically anything, as the people in the star did, to find the â€Å"flowers†. The symbol of the deity that the youth saw in the temple, I understand that by the way in which the story prog resses the symbol is actually representing the fact that war, or trouble (the bird of prey) destroys all happiness or good hearted feelings. I think that the representation is what I mentioned above, because when the messenger â€Å"goes† to the foreign star he sees destruction and a total lack of joy.

The Meaning of Being American Essay -- American Citizenship Patriotism

The Meaning of Being American What does it mean to be an American? Can this statement ever really be defined since America is a melting pot of different races, religions, political views, social views and so on and so fourth. To be an American can mean virtually anything and whether or not somebody supports national symbols is just another part of being and American. As Americans we have the right to disagree with the government, the right to protest against something unjust, the right to burn a flag in disgrace because after all we have freedom of speech. To some these things are un-American, but to others they are the reasons America is such a wonderful place to live. There is no definite answer to this question, but many different possibilities. Like any other country America has national symbols such as the American Flag, the Pledge of Allegiance, and the â€Å"Start Spangled Banner.† To be an American means that you support these things to fullest extent and hold them in the highest regard. This means that When the National Anthem is played or the Pledge of Allegiance is recited, it is our duty as Americans to stand, remove our hats and cover our hearts as a sign of the utmost respect. These symbols are a sign of our heritage. They stand for what we believe in, who we are, and where we come from. We are Americans. We believe in life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. True Americans speak the national language, English, and know that America is a one of a kind country that cannot be beat. We have worked hard over the years to become the wealthiest and the most prosperous country in the entire world. As Americans we have the right to drive a Hummers, the right to live in luxurious houses, because after all we’... ...unds for music and art education, and library books for their children, by issuing the products of their kitchens: cookies, bundt cakes, lumpia, spring rolls and ribs. Watch the kindergartners dance the Hula!† America is a place where freedom of speech prospers. Some people believe that America stands for one thing while others believe it stands for completely opposite things. The first stance I wrote about it a viable stance, but it lacks one thing, freedom. To be American doesn’t mean one thing, it means that you are open to anything, no matter how outlandish it may be. America is country that was founded on freedom, happiness, and love. Over the years many of these qualities have been lost to greed, corruption, and hatred. If we ever want to return America to its former glory we must open our minds, our eyes, and our hearts to people different from us.

Ive of Collaborative Goal Setting

Unit 7 Handout 1: Worksheet Assignment Name: BMA 152 Bookkeeping Fundamentals I Worksheet Assignment Directions: Please complete the following problem: 1. Company A has the following unadjusted trial balance. Write out the following three adjusting journal entries and complete the Company A Worksheet below. Fill out the appropriate account name and transaction description for each chart. For the Debit and Credit columns, determine which data entry is to be Debit or Credit and fill out appropriately. Complete this assignment by the end of Unit Nine, 11:55 p. m. PST. a.Company A counts its supplies at the end of the month and finds that it only has $250 worth of supplies remaining on October 31, 2010. Date Account name & Transaction description Debit Credit b. Company A receives a payment from Customer XYZ on October 31, 2010 for $2,000 for Customer XYZ’s outstanding receivable. Date Account name & Transaction description Debit Credit c. Company A received an invoice from the el ectric company covering the month of October for $85 and an invoice related to shipping for $200, but Company A did not pay these invoices by October 31, 2010. DateAccount name & Transaction description Debit Credit Unit 7 Handout 1: Worksheet Assignment Company A Worksheet For Month Ended October 31, 2010 Unadjusted  Trial Balance Debit Cash Adjustments Credit Debit Adjusted  Trial  Balance Credit Debit Credit Income  Statement Debit Credit Balance  Sheet Debit Credit 2,800. 00 350. 00 4,310. 00 Accounts Payable 600. 00 Accrued Liabilities Product  Sales 5,500. 00 Supplies Accounts Receivable Utilities  Expense Supplies Expense Shipping Expense 40. 00 Equity (Capital) 1,400. 00 7,500. 00 7,500. 00 Net  Income Total Instructor’s  Feedback:

In Milton’s paradise lost Essay

Aristotle’s tragic hero has certain characteristics which can be applied to Oedipus the King and Milton’s Satan. Aristotle states that a tragic hero can be classified as a person that falls from the state of being happy to one of misery because of his own mistake. This can be seen in both Oedipus and Satan, since they are miserable as a result of their own doing. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must fall through his or her own error, or hamartia. This term is also interpreted as â€Å"tragic flaw†, usually applied to overwhelming pride, or hubris, which causes fatal error. Satan and Oedipus show that they have hubris and this is probably one of the main contributing factors for their fall. Although, the main characteristic of the tragic hero, as stated by Aristotle, is their ability to make the reader or audience to empathize with them, he wants there to be a sense of fear and mistrust because of their devious nature. In Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan, one of the main characters in the story, exhibits all the qualities of a tragic hero. He has fallen, literally and figuratively, from grace. Once one of God’s more powerful angels in heaven, Satan questions God’s power and forms an alliance to overthrow Him. Satan’s army fights diligently only to have God â€Å"†¦ cast him out from Heaven, With all his host of rebel angels†¦ † (Paradise Lost, Book1, Line 37). Book One of Paradise Lost describes Satan being cast out of Heaven and down to Hell. This is consistent with Aristotle’s criteria for the tragic hero, â€Å"†¦ suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act†¦ † Satan also possesses hubris; pride or overwhelming self-confidence. â€Å"Here we may reign secure, and in my choice; To reign is to worth ambition, though in Hell; Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven. † (line 261) Here, Satan has so much pride that he would rather rule in Hell than serve God in Heaven. This shows that Satan possesses hubris, which is, as described by Aristotle, â€Å"†¦ pride or overwhelming self-confidence†. Satan’s character as a tragic hero emerges further in later books. Book Four of Paradise Lost is a good example. It begins with Satan’s only soliloquy of the epic. As he awakes in Hell, he stares up at the sun and begins to speak; â€Å"Oh Sun! to tell thee how I hate thy beams, That bring to my remembrance from what state I fell, how glorious once above thy sphere; Till pride and worse ambition threw me down† (Book IV, line 37-40) As he sees the sun, he remembers how high he was in heaven until his pride and ambition brought him down. This is a very important quote as it satisfies the criteria for Aristotle’s description of a tragic hero. It highlights the character â€Å"suffering a change in fortune†¦ because of a mistaken act†¦ † Also, hubris is once again revealed as Satan states that his pride and ambition threw him down. This example is even more profound because it comes directly from the character. Milton is also successful in portraying this super-human character as one with humanistic qualities. This allows the reader to relate to the character, which satisfies yet another criteria for Aristotle’s tragic hero, â€Å"†¦ we recognize similar possibilities of error in our less and fallible selves. † Satan’s human qualities are magnified in his soliloquy as he even contemplates begging for forgiveness. â€Å"Is there no place left for repentance, none for pardon left? † (Book IV, Line 79-80) As Satan contemplates repentance, he decides against it, as he is afraid of the shame that he might draw from his followers, â€Å"My dread of shame Among the Spirits beneath,Whom I seduced with other promises Boasting I could subdue The Omnipotent†. (Line 83-86) Since he has boasted that he can defeat God, Satan now shows fear and doubt as he realises that he really cannot fulfill his promises. Milton reveals a different side to Satan. He depicts a character that shows remorse and shame, and, someone who fears disgrace. The common person can identify with these human characteristics; this allows the reader to evoke some amount of sympathy for Satan as they now see him in a helpless situation; fighting a losing battle for fear of disgracing his followers. This emphasizes Aristotle’s description of recognising â€Å"†¦ similar possibilities of error in our less and fallible selves. † In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is the tragic hero and fits Aristotle’s description almost exactly. Aristotle states that a character should reveal goodness in terms of moral judgment and choices that he makes. Oedipus has compassion for his subjects and seeks the truth to end their suffering, and, continuously strives to be a saviour to the people. When the priests of Thebes approach Oedipus, who is pleading on the behalf of his people who are suffering from famine and death, he agrees. He says that he will do what he can to solve the situation, â€Å"bring everything to light†. Although Oedipus does have some admirable qualities, being the tragic hero, he too possesses hubris. Oedipus’s tragic flaw is that he is stubborn, impulsive, and pretentious. When Oedipus does a self evaluation his talents, beauty, and his own achievements blind him. These traits are similar to Satan who also has hubris, a flaw that leads to his defeat. Another reason for Oedipus’ brutal demise is his lack of judgment and impulsive actions. These attributes are humanistic qualities that the reader can relate to, yet still question. When he leaves Corinth, he meets an entourage on the way to Thebes. There, the ‘leader’ of the horse-drawn carriage orders him ‘out of the way’. Oedipus’ impulsiveness drives him to kill everyone in the entourage; this leads to him being crowned King, where he ultimately suffers. It can be argued that both Oedipus and Satan are tragic heroes according to Aristotle’s definition. However, a question arises; were Oedipus and Satan acting on their own free will or were they destined to do so. According to Christian theology, it is said that God foresees everything that will happen in life. This leads many to speculate that Satan suffers, not because he chooses to, but because he is chosen to. This is another reason why the reader can empathize with Satan because God knows of his betrayal. The same can be said for Oedipus, who has no free will; it is under the control of the Gods. When he is born, Apollo’s oracle predicts that Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother. This foretelling leads Oedipus’ parents to abandon him on the mountain-side and leave him to die. However, fate intervenes and Oedipus soon finds himself adopted by the King and Queen of Corinth. When he finds out that the King and Queen are not his natural parents, Oedipus leaves Corinth, solves the Sphinx’s riddle, and becomes the successor of King Laius as the King of Thebes. When the gods could ‘no longer brok in silence the affront of Oedipus’s unwitting sins’, they punish the city by sending plague and famine upon the city. When approached by the priests, Oedipus could only promise them his help, which starts the chain of events, eventually leading him to discover his sins and his subsequent downfall. When Oedipus solves the riddle of the Sphinx, he could not have known that he would end up marrying his own mother. When Oedipus meets King Laius, he is unaware as to who killed his father. Eventually, he sets out to find the truth, as the oracle prophesizes. He does the best he could as a ruler, son and husband but is still played out in the end. Therefore, Oedipus is seen as a tragic hero and is comparable to Satan who also has no freewill. The fate or God knew that the actions were going to occur and had the power to stop it. Satan and Oedipus are tragic heroes according to Aristotle. They have characteristics that make them suite their role as a tragic hero. Aristotle said that tragic heroes should suffer a fall of fortune through a mistake of their own. Both Satan and Oedipus suffer this fate. Aristotle also states that a tragic hero will is led by hamartia which is hubris. â€Å"Till pride and worse ambition threw me down† (Milton) this line was spoken by Satan who openly admits that he is proud and ambitious. â€Å"Twit me with that wherein my greatness lies† Milton, John. Paradise Lost Sophocles. Oedipus The King http://www. planetpapers. com/Assets/3330. php.